LABORATORY CHEMICAL SAFETY PLAN
INDIANA UNIVERSITY
Produced by
Indiana
University
Department of Environmental Health and Safety
In cooperation with
Research and University Graduate School
The Laboratory Chemical Safety Committee
December 1996
Revised By
Indiana
University
Office of Environmental, Health, and Safety Management
In cooperation with
Office of the Vice President for Research
The Laboratory Safety Compliance Committee
June 2005
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Emergency Information...................................................................................................................... iii
Laboratory Safety Personnel
Contacts............................................................................................... iv
1.0 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Regulatory
Basis.......................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Responsibility
for Implementation.................................................................................. 1-1
1.2.1 University
Office of Environmental Health and Safety........................................... 1-1
1.2.2 Academic
Departments....................................................................................... 1-2
1.2.3 Faculty
Members................................................................................................ 1-2
1.2.4 Laboratory
Workers........................................................................................... 1-2
1.3 Organization
and Content............................................................................................. 1-3
2.0 Control Measures............................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 Administrative
Controls................................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.1 Prior
Approval of Hazardous Operations............................................................. 2-1
2.1.2 Laboratory
Entrance Signs.................................................................................. 2-2
2.2 Engineering
Controls.................................................................................................... 2-3
2.3 Procedural
Controls..................................................................................................... 2-3
2.4 Personal
Protective Equipment..................................................................................... 2-3
2.4.1 Eye
Protection.................................................................................................... 2-3
2.4.2 Face
Protection................................................................................................... 2-4
2.4.3 Hand
Protection.................................................................................................. 2-4
2.4.4 Foot
Protection................................................................................................... 2-4
2.4.5 Body
Protection.................................................................................................. 2-4
2.4.6 Respiratory
Protection......................................................................................... 2-4
3.0 Standard Operating
Procedures......................................................................................... 3-1
3.1 General
Laboratory Safety Procedures......................................................................... 3-1
3.2 Procedures
for Proper Labeling, Storage, and Management of Chemicals...................... 3-2
3.3 Chemical
Fume Hood - Procedures for Proper and Safe Use........................................ 3-4
3.4 Corrosive
Chemicals - Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage................................. 3-6
3.5 Flammable
and Combustible Liquids - Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage......... 3-7
3.6 Oxidizing
Agents - Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage....................................... 3-9
3.7 Reactive
Chemicals - Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage................................. 3-10
3.8 Carcinogens,
Reproductive Toxins, and Acutely Toxic Chemicals - Procedures
for
Safe Handling and Storage.................................................................................... 3-12
3.9 Compressed
Gases - Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage................................. 3-14
3.10 Cryogenic
Liquids - Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage................................... 3-16
3.11 Electrical
Safety Procedures....................................................................................... 3-18
3.12 Glassware
and Sharps - Procedures for Safe Handling and Disposal........................... 3-19
3.13 Chemical
Spill Response Procedures.......................................................................... 3-20
3.14 Glass
Apparatus and Plasticware Assembly................................................................ 3-21
3.15 Solvent
Stills - Procedures for Set-Up, Use, and Neutralization................................... 3-24
3.16 Personal
Protective Equipment - Procedures for Selection and Use............................. 3-28
4.0 Information and
Training.................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1 Required
Training Content............................................................................................ 4-1
4.2 Training
Resources....................................................................................................... 4-2
4.3 Training
Documentation................................................................................................ 4-3
5.0 Medical Consultations
and Examinations......................................................................... 5-1
5.1 Examination
Criteria..................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Information
to the Physician.......................................................................................... 5-1
5.3 Physicians
Written Opinion.......................................................................................... 5-1
5.4 Campus
Medical Services............................................................................................ 5-2
5.5 Promptcare
Urgent Care Clinic..................................................................................... 5-3
6.0 Laboratory Safety
Equipment............................................................................................ 6-1
6.1 Chemical
Fume Hoods................................................................................................. 6-1
6.2 Safety
Showers............................................................................................................ 6-1
6.3 Eyewash
Stations......................................................................................................... 6-1
6.4 Fire
Extinguishers......................................................................................................... 6-2
6.5 Fire
Blankets................................................................................................................ 6-2
6.6 Flammable
Liquid Storage Cabinets.............................................................................. 6-2
6.7 Safety
Cans................................................................................................................. 6-3
6.8 Explosion-Proof
and Laboratory-Safe Refrigeration Equipment..................................... 6-3
6.9 First
Aid Kits............................................................................................................... 6-3
6.10 Chemical
Spill Kits....................................................................................................... 6-4
6.11 Portable
Safety Shields................................................................................................. 6-5
FIGURES
2-1 Laboratory Entrance
Sign...................................................................................................... 2-2
APPENDICES
A. OSHA Laboratory
Standard................................................................................................. A-1
Air
Contaminants (Permissible Exposure Limits)........................................................... A-8
B. Standard Forms
Form
LCS-1 EH&S Laboratory Safety Audit.............................................................. B-1
Form
LCS-2 Laboratory Safety Review...................................................................... B-2
Form
LCS-3 Laboratory Safety Training - Individual Documentation............................ B-3
Form
LCS-4 Personal Protective Equipment Hazard Assessment Form ....................... B-4
C. Chemical Lists
Select
Carcinogens...................................................................................................... C-1
Reproductive
Toxins.................................................................................................. C-11
Acutely
Toxic Chemicals........................................................................................... C-12
Chemicals
That Can Form Peroxides Upon Aging...................................................... C-13
Chemical
Incompatibilities - Partial List...................................................................... C-14
International Building Code (IBC) Maximum Allowable Quantity of
Hazardous Chemicals Per Control Area Posing a Physical or Health Hazard...................................................................... C-16
Examples
of Liquid & Solid Oxidizer Classifications................................................... C-18
Center
for Disease Control (CDC) Select Agents....................................................... C-20
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Biological &
Animal Agents......................... C-21
Chemicals
that Require Skin Protection...................................................................... C-22
D. Chemical Safety
Summaries (MSDSs)
E. Hazardous Waste
Management Guide
F. Department/Building
Information
EMERGENCY INFORMATION
Major
Emergencies
In
the event of an accident in the laboratory which involves an uncontrolled fire,
explosion, or a large release of a hazardous chemical:
·
Evacuate the building by
activating the nearest fire alarm.
· Call 911 and give
the details of the accident including the location, types of hazardous material
involved, and whether there were any personal injuries.
If
the accident involves serious personal injury or chemical contamination, follow
the above steps as appropriate and at the same time:
· Move the victim from the immediate area of the fire, explosion, or
spill (if this can be done without further injury to the victim or you).
· Remove any contaminated clothing from the victim and flush all areas of
the body contacted by chemicals with copious amounts of water for 15 minutes.
· Administer first aid as appropriate.
Minor
Emergencies
In
the event of an accident in the laboratory which involves a minor chemical
release or spill (with no personal injuries):
· Follow the Chemical Spill Response Procedures - SOP 3.13 (page
3-20 of this plan).
· Call EH&S at 855-6311 for advice or assistance (8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Monday - Friday).
· After hours, call the IU Police Department at 855-4111.
LABORATORY SAFETY
PERSONNEL CONTACTS
Office
of Environmental Health and Safety http://www.ehs.indiana.edu
Office E-mail
Carole Baynes Receptionist/General
Information 855-6311 cbaynes
Ted Alexander Director 855-6316 tealexan
Mike
Jenson Associate Director 855-3231 mjenson
Dan Derheimer Environmental
Manager 855-3234 dderheim
Rex Howard Hazardous
Material Specialist 855-7907 rehoward
Susan Howard Environmental
Health & Safety Specialist 856-2351 suhoward
Chris
Kohler Chemical Hygiene Officer 855-5454 cekohler
Beth Reeves Biosafety
Officer 855-9333 bereeves
Office
of the Vice President for Research http://www.indiana.edu/~ovpr
Greg
Crouch Radiation Safety Officer 855-3230 gcrouch
Departmental
Contacts
Dept. or Room No. Laboratory
Chemical Safety Officer Phone E-Mail
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan (LCSP)
is a written program for ensuring the safe use of chemicals in laboratories at Indiana University. It describes policies, procedures, and control measures that must be
understood and observed by all individuals involved in the laboratory use of
chemicals.
1.1 Regulatory Basis
The development and implementation of a Laboratory
Chemical Safety Plan (or Chemical Hygiene Plan) is a central requirement
of the federal rule entitled Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in
Laboratories, more commonly referenced as the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) Lab Standard (Appendix A contains a copy of the
standard). The Lab Standard was published as a final rule in the January 31, 1990 issue of the Federal Register and was required to be fully
implemented by January 31, 1991. Of particular importance in understanding the
applicability of this standard are the definitions it contains for hazardous
chemical, laboratory, laboratory scale, and laboratory use of hazardous
chemicals. From a review of these definitions, it is clear that the Lab
Standard applies to essentially all chemical use laboratories at Indiana University. For laboratories that are not covered by the Lab Standard (i.e., those
that do not meet the above definitions for hazardous chemical use) or for
non-laboratory uses of chemicals, safety issues are typically governed by other
state and federal regulations such as OSHAs Hazard Communication Standard.
Assistance in determining which regulatory requirements apply to specific work
environments is provided by the University Office of Environmental Health and
Safety.
1.2 Responsibility for
Implementation
It is the policy of Indiana University to support the
use of chemicals and other potentially hazardous materials for purposes of research
and teaching. At the same time, the University is committed to ensuring the
safety of its students, employees, and visitors and to complying with all
regulatory requirements which impact its facilities and operations. Toward
this end, Indiana University has designated the following specific
responsibilities for developing and implementing the Laboratory Chemical
Safety Plan.
1.2.1 University
Office of Environmental Health and Safety
The University Office of Environmental Health and
Safety (EH&S) is an administrative unit under the Vice President for
Administration, which has responsibility for the development and implementation
of all university programs concerning safety and environmental quality.
EH&S developed the Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan and has
the primary role in overseeing its implementation. This role is accomplished
by EH&S staff through the provision of a range of safety services including
project reviews and consultations, formal training sessions, and periodic
laboratory audits (see Appendix B, Form LCS-1 EH&S Laboratory Safety
Audit)
1.2.2 Academic Departments
The chair of each academic department (or head of each
academic unit) is responsible for the safety of all individuals working in the
departments laboratories. The chair fulfills this responsibility, in part, by
ensuring that all departmental faculty members understand and take seriously
their roles in implementing the Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan.
To facilitate this process, each chair must appoint a departmental Laboratory
Chemical Safety Officer (LCSO) who will coordinate and monitor the
implementation of the LCSP within the department.
1.2.3 Faculty
Members
Each faculty member (or principal investigator) is
responsible for the safety of individuals working within his or her
laboratories. Toward this end, faculty members must work with the respective
departmental Laboratory Chemical Safety Officer to adapt and implement the
provisions of the Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan. This includes
ensuring that each individual working within the lab is provided with
appropriate training on safety and regulatory requirements; that required
safety equipment and personal protective devices are provided, maintained, and
used; that specific standard operating procedures incorporating safety
considerations are developed and observed; and that prompt action is taken to
correct any unsafe acts or conditions which have been observed or reported.
1.2.4 Laboratory
Workers
Each laboratory worker is responsible for implementing
the requirements of the Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan. This
includes participating in required training, utilizing appropriate safety
equipment and personal protection devices and apparel, observing standard
operating procedures, and informing the supervisor (i.e., principal
investigator or lab supervisor) of any accidents or unsafe conditions.
1.3 Organization and
Content
The Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan is
intended to serve as an operational guide for the incorporation of prudent
safety practices into the day-to-day use of chemicals within laboratories. It
was developed and issued in a general form which should be adapted and expanded
by particular departments and research groups to meet their specific needs.
The LCSP was organized in a format that should enable desired information to be
quickly found and readily updated. The content of the LCSP was established
directly from the requirements of the Lab Standard and includes the following
general types of information:
· Designation of the personnel responsible for the implementation of the Laboratory
Chemical Safety Plan.
· Criteria that the employer will use to implement control measures to
reduce individual exposures to chemicals. These measures include administrative
controls, engineering controls, procedural controls, and the use of personal
protective equipment.
· Standard operating procedures (SOPs) relevant to safety and health
considerations which are to be observed for the use of hazardous chemicals in
the laboratory. A number of generic SOPs have been included in the LCSP.
However, each laboratory group should develop and add specific SOPs, which are
appropriate for their particular uses of chemicals.
· Provisions for personnel training.
· Provisions for medical consultations and examinations.
· Circumstances under which a laboratory procedure shall require prior
approval before implementation.
· Provisions for additional personnel protection for work with
carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and chemicals with high acute toxicity.
· A requirement that fume hoods and other protective equipment function
properly and that measures will be taken to ensure this.
2.0
CONTROL MEASURES
The OSHA Lab Standard requires that laboratory
personnel implement appropriate control measures to ensure that chemical
exposures are maintained below regulatory limits and as low as reasonably
achievable. In general, control measures can be categorized as administrative
controls, engineering controls, procedural controls (i.e., standard operating
procedures), or personal protection.
2.1 Administrative
Controls
Administrative controls consist of various policies
and requirements that are established at an administrative level (e.g., by the
principal investigator, laboratory supervisor, department chair, department
safety committee, or University Office of Environmental Health and Safety) to
promote safety in the laboratory. They may include:
· Ensuring that all laboratory personnel have been provided with adequate
training to enable them to conduct their duties safely (see Section 4.0 Information
and Training).
· Requiring prior approval and additional control measures for certain
particularly hazardous operations or activities.
· Restricting access to areas in which particularly hazardous chemicals
are used.
· Posting appropriate signs to identify specific hazards within an area.
· Requiring that various standard practices for chemical safety and good
housekeeping be observed at all times in the laboratory.
2.1.1 Prior
Approval of Hazardous Operations
The OSHA Lab Standard requires that activities
involving certain particularly hazardous chemicals be reviewed and approved in
advance by an appropriate individual or group. Depending upon the specific
department, this approving entity could be a department safety committee, the
Laboratory Chemical Safety Officer, or the department chair. At the time of
approval, any additional required control measures for the project should be
specified. Examples of the types of operations that should receive prior
approval are those involving the use of select carcinogens, reproductive
toxins, acutely toxic chemicals, highly reactive or shock sensitive chemicals,
or highly corrosive or oxidizing chemicals (see Appendix C). In addition, any
operation that produces unknown, but potentially hazardous results, should
receive prior approval.
2.1.2 Laboratory
Entrance Signs
The entrance to each laboratory in which chemicals are
used or stored shall be posted with the names and phone numbers of the
principal investigator (or lab supervisor) and any other designated personnel
who can be contacted in the event of an emergency. In addition, laboratory
entrance postings should indicate the presence of certain specific hazards (see
Figure 2-1 below).
EMERGENCY
INFORMATION
Department/Building: Room
#:
PI/Supervisor: Office:
Office Phone: Home
Phone:
Dept. Laboratory
Chemical Safety Officer:
Office Phone: Home
Phone:
Laboratory
Occupants Home Phone
SPECIAL HAZARDS:
¨ Water-Reactive Chemicals ¨ Corrosives ¨ Carcinogens/Reproductive Toxins
¨ Air-Reactive Chemicals ¨ Biohazards ¨ Flammable Liquids/Explosives
¨ Acutely Toxic Chemicals ¨ Radioisotopes ¨ X-ray/UV/Laser, etc.
¨ Other
_______________________________________________________________
Environmental
Health and Safety Phone:
IU Police
Department Phone:
Figure 2-1. Laboratory Entrance Sign
2.2 Engineering Controls
Engineering controls consist of various measures for
reducing a hazard at its source or for separating personnel from the hazard.
In the laboratory, examples of engineering controls include the substitution of
less hazardous chemicals in an operation, isolating a particular chemical
operation, enclosing a potentially explosive reaction, or utilizing local
exhaust such as a fume hood for an operation that produces airborne chemicals (see
Section 6.1 Chemical Fume Hoods). Because engineering controls
function to reduce or eliminate a hazard at its source before it is
created, they should be fully considered and utilized whenever possible as the first
step in chemical hazard control within the laboratory.
2.3 Procedural Controls
Procedural controls (or work practice controls) are
typically in the form of standard operating procedures (SOPs) that define the manner
in which certain types of chemicals are to be handled, or the manner in which
specific operations involving chemicals are to be conducted, in order to
minimize hazards. Section 3.0 of this Plan contains a number of SOPs, which
are generally applicable to all laboratories. It is the responsibility of
personnel in each laboratory, however, to develop (and incorporate into the
LCSP) specific SOPs that reflect the operations and experimental protocols
performed in their laboratory.
2.4 Personal Protective
Equipment
For many laboratory operations, the risk of chemical
exposure cannot be totally eliminated through the use of engineering and
procedural control measures. For this reason, it is necessary to supplement
such measures with the use of personal protective equipment and apparel (PPE).
Because PPE functions as a barrier between the laboratory worker and the
chemical hazard, rather than by actually reducing or eliminating the hazard,
its use should always be in addition to (and never as a substitute for)
appropriate engineering and procedural controls. It is the responsibility of
the principal investigator (or supervisor) of the laboratory to ensure that
appropriate personal protective equipment is provided to, and used by, all
laboratory personnel. Such equipment should be adequate to ensure personnel
are protected from chemical exposure to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.
2.4.1 Eye
Protection
Appropriate PPE for the eyes is required
whenever there is a reasonable probability that the eyes could be exposed to
chemicals. Vented safety goggles are the preferred eye protection to be worn
when chemicals are handled in the laboratory. These should be worn over
prescription glasses.
All protective equipment for the eyes must bear the
stamp Z87, which indicates that it meets the performance guidelines established
by the American National Standards Institute in ANSI Z87.1 Practice for
Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection.
2.4.2 Face
Protection
A face shield is required whenever there is a
potential for severe chemical exposure from splashes, fumes, or explosions.
Because a face shield alone does not adequately protect the eyes, it must be
worn over safety goggles. In general, any operation that requires a face
shield should be conducted inside a hood with the sash down as an additional
barrier.
2.4.3 Hand
Protection
Because the hands are typically the part of the body
in closest contact with chemicals in the laboratory, they are particularly
vulnerable to chemical exposures. For this reason it is essential that
laboratory personnel select appropriate protective gloves and wear them
whenever handling chemicals. Because different glove materials resist
different chemicals, no one glove is suited for all chemical exposures. Glove
selection guides are available from most manufacturers and should be consulted
before choosing a glove.
2.4.4 Foot
Protection
Safety shoes or other specialized foot protection are
generally not required for most laboratory operations. However, footwear that
completely covers the skin of the feet must be worn whenever chemicals are
being used (sandals and open-toed shoes are prohibited in the laboratory).
2.4.5 Body
Protection
By virtue of its large
surface area, the skin is at considerable risk of exposure to chemicals in the
laboratory. To lessen this risk, it is essential that laboratory personnel
wear clothing, which, to the extent possible, covers all skin surfaces (shorts
and skirts are inappropriate attire for the laboratory). In addition, a fully
buttoned lab coat should be worn during chemical manipulations. Clothing and
lab coats should be regarded, not as means of preventing exposure, but as means
of lessening or delaying exposure. The effectiveness of clothing as a
protective barrier for the skin depends upon its prompt removal in the event
that it becomes contaminated.
2.4.6 Respiratory
Protection
The implementation of appropriate engineering and
procedural controls should always be the preferred strategy for ensuring that
any airborne levels of chemicals within the laboratory are well below
regulatory limits. However, in rare circumstances where such control measures
are not sufficient, laboratory personnel may need to utilize respirators for a
particular operation. In such instances, personnel must participate fully in
the universitys Respiratory Protection Program, which requires a
medical exam, respirator fit-testing, and training prior to respirator use.
Contact the University Office of Environmental Health and Safety for more
information.
DO
·
Know the potential hazards of the
materials used in the laboratory. Review the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
and container label prior to using a chemical.
·
Know the location of safety
equipment such as emergency showers, eyewashes, fire extinguishers, fire
alarms, spill kits, first aid kits, and telephones.
·
Review emergency procedures to
ensure that necessary supplies and equipment for spill response and other
accidents are available.
·
Practice good housekeeping to
minimize unsafe work conditions such as obstructed exits and safety equipment,
cluttered benches and hoods, and accumulated chemical waste.
·
Wear personal protective apparel
when working with chemicals. This includes eye protection, lab coat, gloves,
and appropriate foot protection (no sandals). Gloves should be made of a
material known to be resistant to permeation by the chemical in use.
·
Wash skin promptly if contacted by
any chemical, regardless of corrosivity or toxicity.
·
Label all new chemical containers
with the date received and date opened.
·
Label and store chemicals
properly. All chemical containers should be labeled to identify the container
contents (no abbreviations or formulas) and hazard information. Chemicals
should be stored by hazard groups and chemical compatibilities.
·
Use break-resistant bottle
carriers when transporting chemicals in glass containers that are greater than
500 milliliters.
·
Use fume hoods when processes or
experiments may result in the release of toxic or flammable vapors, fumes, or
dusts.
DONT
·
Eat, drink, chew gum, or apply
cosmetics in areas where chemicals are used and stored.
·
Store food in laboratory
refrigerators, ice chests, cold rooms, or ovens.
·
Drink water from laboratory water
sources.
·
Use laboratory glassware to
prepare or consume food.
·
Smell or taste chemicals.
·
Pipet by mouth.
·
Work alone in the laboratory
without prior approval from the lab supervisor.
·
Leave potentially hazardous
experiments or operations unattended without prior approval from the lab
supervisor. In such instances, the lights in the laboratory should be left on
and emergency phone numbers posted at the laboratory entrance.
FOR CHEMICAL SAFETY ASSISTANCE CALL
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY:
(812) 855-6311
(8a.m.-5p.m., Mon.-Fri.)
PROCEDURES FOR PROPER LABELING, STORAGE, AND
MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS
Proper chemical labeling and
storage is essential for a safe laboratory work environment. Inappropriate
storage of incompatible or unknown chemicals can lead to spontaneous fire and
explosions with the associated release of toxic gases. To minimize these
hazards, chemicals in the laboratory must be segregated properly. The storage
procedures listed below are not intended to be all-inclusive but should serve
instead, to supplement more specific procedures and recommendations obtained
from container labels, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), and other chemical
reference material. For more information about chemical storage contact the
University Office of Environmental Health and Safety (855-6311).
LABELING
·
Manufacturer chemical labels
should never be removed or defaced until the chemical is completely used.
·
All chemical and waste containers
should be clearly labeled with the full chemical name(s) (no abbreviations or
formulas) and appropriate hazard warning information. Small containers that are
difficult to label such as 1-10 ml vials and test tubes can be labeled as a
group and stored together. Unattended beakers, flasks, and other laboratory
equipment containing chemicals used during an experiment should be labeled with
the full chemical name(s).
·
All chemicals should be labeled
with the date received and date opened.
·
All hazardous waste
containers must be labeled with the words hazardous waste.
·
All hazardous waste
containers must be marked with an accumulation date. The accumulation date
represents the date that the container becomes full (waste containers should
NOT be filled to more than 90% of their capacity). All full waste containers
should be disposed of promptly.
·
All chemical storage areas such as
cabinets, shelves and refrigerators should be labeled to identify the hazardous
nature of the chemicals stored within the area (e.g., flammables, corrosives,
oxidizers, water reactives, toxics, carcinogens, and reproductive toxins). All
signs should be legible and conspicuously placed.
STORAGE
HAZARD GROUPS
° Flammable/Combustible
Liquid ° Unstable (Shock-sensitive,
Explosive)
° Flammable Solids ° Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxins
° Inorganic Acids ° Toxic, Poisonous
° Oxidizing Acids
(Nitric, etc.) ° Non-Toxic
° Organic Acids ° Gases
° Caustics (Bases) - Toxic
° Oxidizers - Flammable
° Water Reactives - Oxidizers
and Inert
° Air Reactives - Corrosive
PROCEDURES FOR PROPER LABELING, STORAGE, AND
MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS
(continued)
·
A definite storage place should be
provided for each chemical and the chemical should be returned to that location
after each use.
·
Chemical containers should be in
good condition before they are stored. Containers should be managed to prevent
leaks.
·
The Uniform Building Code1, the Uniform Fire Code2, the International Building Code3 and International Fire Code4 limit the maximum
quantities of chemicals that can be in storage and use in laboratories. Laboratories
constructed prior to 2003 must comply with the requirements of the Uniform
Building and Fire Codes. Laboratories constructed during or after 2003 must
comply with the requirements of the International Building and Fire Codes.
These codes place specific requirements on storage facilities for highly toxic
gasses and organic peroxides. Please refer to the table of maximum allowable
quantities found in Appendix C.
·
Chemicals (including waste) should
be separated and stored according to their hazard group and specific chemical
incompatibilities. Chemicals within the same hazard group can be
incompatible and therefore it is important to review the chemical label and
MSDS to determine the specific storage requirements and possible
incompatibilities. Appendix C contains a partial list of incompatible
chemicals.
·
Special attention should be given
to the storage of chemicals that can be classified into two or more hazard
groups. For example, acetic acid and acetic anhydride are both corrosive
and flammable. In addition, perchloric acid is both corrosive and a strong
oxidizer. Refer to the MSDS for proper storage procedures.
·
Chemicals should be separated by
distance. Physical barriers such as storage cabinets and secondary containers
should be used to prohibit contact of incompatible chemicals in the event that
they are accidentally released or spilled.
·
Secondary containers are highly
recommended for the storage of liquid chemicals. Secondary containers should
be made of a material that is compatible with the chemical(s) it will hold and
should be large enough to contain the contents of the largest container.
·
Liquid chemicals should not be
stored above dry chemicals unless they are stored in secondary containers.
·
Storage of chemicals within hoods
and on bench tops should be avoided.
·
Stored chemicals should not be
exposed to heat or direct sunlight.
·
Storage shelves and cabinets
should be secure to prevent tipping. Shelving should contain a front-edge lip
or doors to prevent containers from falling.
·
Flammable and corrosive storage
cabinets should be used when possible.
·
Flammable liquids in quantities
exceeding a total of 10 gallons in each laboratory must be stored in an
approved flammable storage cabinet.
·
Only explosion-proof or
laboratory-safe refrigerators may be used to store flammable liquids.
·
Liquid chemicals should be stored
below eye level to avoid accidental spills.
·
Chemicals should not be stored in
areas where they can be accidentally broken and spilled such as on the floor or
on the edge of a bench top.
·
Chemicals should not be stored in
areas where they obstruct aisles, exits, and emergency equipment.
PROCEDURES FOR PROPER LABELING, STORAGE, AND
MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS
(continued)
CHEMICAL INVENTORY MANAGEMENT
All
chemicals should be inventoried especially high risk chemicals. Inventories
provide a method of tracking chemicals for ordering and re-ordering, waste
disposal, compliance with building and fire codes, hazard communication,
community right-to-know requirements, and to track dangerous chemicals for
safety and security reasons. Inventories should contain all pertinent
information including the chemical name and quantity, hazard class, manufacturer,
product number, receiving date, expiration date, and more. Expiration dates are
of particular importance for time-sensitive chemicals that can become dangerous
with age. Several noteworthy time sensitive laboratory chemicals include:
Chemicals that form peroxides.
Picric acid and other multi-nitro
aromatics.
Chloroform.
Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and
hydrogen bromide.
Liquid hydrogen cyanide.
Formic acid.
Alkali metals (K, Na, Li).
Some
common organic solvents can undergo autoxidation producing unstable and
dangerous organic peroxides and hydroperoxides. See Section 3.7 Reactive
Chemicals and the table of Peroxide Forming Chemicals in Appendix C.
Picric
acid (C6H3N3O7 and other
multi-nitro aromatics) can be extremely dangerous if allowed to dry. Picric
acid with a moisture content of greater than 30% is considered a flammable
solid by the Department of Transportation (DOT). Picric acid with a moisture
content of less than 30% is considered a Class 1.1D explosive by DOT and is
very shock sensitive. DO NOT OPEN OR MOVE a container of dry picric acid.
Chloroform
(CHCl3) reacts with air to form phosgene gas (CCl2O)
which has a very low IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health) value of 2
parts per million. Always open chloroform in a fume hood.
Formic
acid (90-100% CH2O2) decomposes to form carbon monoxide
and water (CO + H2O). Greater than 100 psi can develop with
prolonged storage of 1 year or greater which is sufficient to break a sealed
glass container. Vent containers frequently and read the product literature. Some
have pressure relief caps and some Material Safety Data Sheets may recommend
refrigeration.
Anhydrous
hydrogen fluoride (and hydrogen bromide) are a liquid phase above 15 psi. Stored
in carbon steel cylinders (lecture bottles) they can react with the steel to
form iron fluoride and hydrogen gas. Lecture bottles have a typical working pressure
of 1800 psi and these chemicals have a 2 yr shelf life. Several anhydrous
hydrogen fluoride cylinders have failed (> 2,400 psi) after 14-24 years of
storage although there have been no reported problems with hydrogen bromide.
PROCEDURES FOR PROPER LABELING, STORAGE, AND
MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS
(continued)
Liquid hydrogen cyanide (CHN)
is a liquid that boils at 26o C and is stored in low pressure
cylinders. With no stabilizer (1% sulfuric acid) present polymerization can
occur plus the production of ammonia which also helps catalyze the process. A
crust can form on the liquid that, when jarred, can break off and fall into the
liquid causing rapid exothermic polymerization and rupture of the cylinder
causing fragmentation and release of this acutely toxic gas.
The alkali metals (Li, Na, K,
and NaK alloys) can react with dissolved oxygen when stored under mineral oil
to form oxides and superoxides that can catch fire upon cutting. The oxidation
forms a yellow or orange crust or coating. Lithium stored under nitrogen can
form nitrides and the formation of the nitride is autocatalytic and can eventually
autoignite.
To manage time sensitive
chemicals implement the following procedures:
Acquisition control.
Do not hoard time sensitive
chemicals.
Do not over purchase quantities.
Use just in time purchasing
whenever possible.
Dispose of unused portions.
Research the literature and
MSDS information.
Define storage conditions.
Never store lithium under nitrogen.
Consider refrigeration
requirements or other storage options.
Consider chemical
incompatibilities.
Define unsafe conditions such
as:
Peroxide concentrations greater
than 100 ppm.
Dry picric acid.
Expiration dates.
Track Time Sensitive Chemicals.
Maintain an accurate chemical inventory
and check expiration dates regularly.
Define inspection interval for
each chemical.
Log the date of inspection and re-inspect
without fail.
Manage Expired or Unsafe
Chemicals.
Never place chemicals where they
will become lost or forgotten.
Do NOT touch lost time sensitive chemicals.
Call EH&S immediately (855-6311).
References: 1. Uniform Building Code, 1997, Section 307, Requirements for Group H Occupancies.
2. Uniform Fire
Code, 1997, Article 80, Hazardous Materials.
3. International Building Code, 2000, Section 307, High-Hazard Group H
4. International Fire Code,
2000, Chapter 27, Hazardous Materials-General Provisions
5. Bailey, J., Blair, D., Boada-Clista,
L., Marsick, D., Quigley, D., Simmons, F., Whyte, H., Management of Time
Sensitive Chemicals, Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, p. 14-17,
Vol. 11, No. 5, September/October 2004.
CHEMICAL FUME HOODS
PROCEDURES FOR PROPER AND SAFE USE
Chemical
fume hoods are one of the most important items of safety equipment present
within the laboratory. Chemical fume hoods serve to control the accumulation
of toxic, flammable, and offensive vapors by preventing their escape into the
laboratory atmosphere. In addition, fume hoods provide physical isolation and
containment of chemicals and their reactions and thus serve as a protective
barrier (with the sash closed) between laboratory personnel and the chemical or
chemical process within the hood.
·
A chemical fume hood should be
used for any chemical procedures that have the potential of creating:
1. Airborne chemical concentrations
that might approach Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for an Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulated substance. These substances
include carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens, and other toxics (see Appendix A and
C).
2. Flammable/combustible vapors
approaching one tenth the lower explosion limit (LEL). The LEL is the minimum
concentration (percent by volume) of the fuel (vapor) in air at which a flame
is propagated when an ignition source is present.
3. Explosion or fire hazards.
4. Odors that are annoying to
personnel within the laboratory or adjacent laboratory/office units.
·
The hood sash opening should be
kept to a minimum while the hood is used. When working with hazardous
chemicals, the hood sash should be positioned so that it acts as a protective
barrier between laboratory personnel and the chemicals.
·
Hood baffles or slots should be
positioned properly. The top baffle/slot should be opened when chemicals with
a vapor density of less than 1 (lighter than air) are used. The bottom
baffle/slot should be opened when chemicals with vapor densities greater than 1
(heavier than air) are used.
·
Chemicals and equipment
(apparatus, instruments, etc.) should be placed at least 6 inches (15 cm) from
the front edge of the hood.
·
Equipment should be placed as far
back in the hood as practical without blocking the baffles. Separate and
elevate equipment by using blocks to ensure that air can flow easily around and
under the equipment.
·
Chemical fume hoods should be kept
clean and free from unnecessary items and debris at all times. Solid material
(paper, tissue, aluminum foil, etc.) should be kept from obstructing the rear
baffles and from entering the exhaust ducts of the hood.
·
Minimize the amount of bottles,
beakers and equipment used and stored inside the hood because these items
interfere with the airflow across the work surface of the hood.
·
Chemicals should not be stored in
a hood because they will likely become involved if there is an accidental
spill, fire or explosion in the hood, thus creating a more serious problem.
·
Sliding horizontal sash windows
should not be removed from the hood sash.
·
Laboratory personnel should not
extend their head inside the hood when operations are in progress.
CHEMICAL FUME HOODS
PROCEDURES FOR PROPER AND SAFE USE
(continued)
·
The hood should not be used for
waste disposal (evaporation).
·
Hoods should be monitored daily by
the user to ensure that air is moving into the hood. A strip of tissue taped
to the hood sash will indicate if the hood is pulling air. Any hoods that are
not working properly should be taken out of service and reported to the
University Office of Environmental Health and Safety (855-6311). EH&S is
responsible for inspecting chemical fume hoods annually.
·
Perchloric acid must not be
used in a regular chemical fume hood. Specially designed Perchloric Acid Fume
Hoods must be utilized for this purpose. Call EH&S for more information.
PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE
Corrosives
(liquids, solids, and gases) are chemicals that cause visible destruction of,
or irreversible alterations in, living tissue by chemical action at the site of
contact. Corrosive effects can occur not only to the skin and eyes, but also
to the respiratory tract through inhalation and to the gastrointestinal tract
through ingestion. Corrosive liquids have a high potential to cause
external injury to the body, while corrosive gases are readily absorbed
into the body through skin contact and inhalation. Corrosive solids and
their dusts can damage tissue by dissolving rapidly in moisture on the skin or
within the respiratory tract when inhaled. In order to minimize these
potential hazards, precautionary procedures must be observed when handling
corrosives.
HANDLING
·
Safety goggles, protective gloves,
and a laboratory coat should always be worn when working with corrosive chemicals.
A face shield, rubber apron, and rubber booties may also be appropriate
depending on the work performed.
·
Appropriate protective gloves that
are resistant to permeation or penetration from corrosive chemicals should be
selected and tested for the absence of pin holes prior to use.
·
Eyewashes and safety showers
should be readily available in areas where corrosive chemicals are used and
stored. In the event of skin and eye contact with a corrosive chemical, the
affected area should be immediately flushed with water for 15 minutes.
Contaminated clothing should be removed and medical attention sought.
·
Corrosive chemicals should be
handled in a fume hood to ensure that any possible hazardous or noxious fumes
generated are adequately vented.
·
When mixing concentrated acids
with water, add the acid slowly to the water. Allow the acid to run down the
side of a container and mix slowly to avoid violent reactions and splattering.
Never add water to acid.
·
Appropriate spill material should
be available in areas where corrosive chemicals are used and stored.
·
Protective carriers should be used
when transporting corrosive chemicals.
STORAGE
·
Containers and equipment used for
storage and processing of corrosive material should be corrosion resistant.
·
Corrosive chemicals should be
stored below eye level, preferably near the floor to minimize the danger of
their falling from cabinets or shelves.
·
Acids and caustics (i.e., bases)
should be stored separately from each other. Secondary containers can be used
to help with separation within a corrosive cabinet.
·
Inorganic acids should be
separated from organic acids and flammable/combustible material (inorganic
acids are particularly reactive with flammable/combustible material).
·
Acids should be segregated from
active metals (e.g., sodium, potassium, and magnesium) and from chemicals that
can generate toxic gases (e.g., sodium cyanide and iron sulfide).
PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE
Chemicals
which exist, at ambient temperatures, in a liquid form with sufficient vapor
pressure to ignite in the presence of an ignition source are called flammable
or combustible liquids (note that the flammable/combustible liquid itself does
not burn; it is the vapor from the liquid that burns). Flammables
generate sufficient vapor at temperatures below 100 o F (37.8 oC),
whereas Combustibles generate sufficient vapor at temperatures at or
above 100 oF. Invisible vapor trails from these liquids can reach
remote ignition sources causing flashback fires. In addition, these liquids
become increasingly hazardous at elevated temperatures due to more rapid
vaporization. For these reasons, precautionary measures must be observed when
handling and storing flammables and combustibles.
CLASSIFICATION
Classification Flash
Point 1 Boiling Point
Flammable Liquid
Class IA <73 o F
(22.8 oC) < 100 oF
(37.8 oC)
Class IB <73 o
F ³100 oF
Class IC ³73 o F and <100 oF -----
Combustible Liquid
Class II ³100 oF and < 140 oF (60 oC) -----
Class IIIA ³140 oF and < 200 oF (93 oC) -----
1The
minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor in sufficient
concentration to form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of a liquid.
HANDLING
·
Appropriate personal protective
equipment (gloves, lab coat, and safety goggles) should be worn when working
with flammable/combustible liquids.
·
Flammable/combustible liquids
should never be heated using open flames. Preferred heat sources include steam
baths, water baths, oil baths, hot air baths, and heating mantels.
·
Ignition sources should be
eliminated in areas where flammable vapors may be present.
·
Flammable/combustible liquids
should only be dispensed under a fume hood. Ventilation is one of the most
effective ways to prevent the formation and concentration of flammable vapors.
·
When pouring from containers of 1
gallon (3.8 liters) or greater capacity, make sure both containers involved
are electrically interconnected by bonding to each other and to a ground. The
friction of flowing liquid may be sufficient to generate static electricity,
which in turn may discharge, causing a spark and ignition.
FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE
(continued)
·
Flammable/combustible liquids in
containers larger than 1 gallon (3.8 liters) should be transferred to smaller
containers that can be easily manipulated by one person.
·
Appropriate fire extinguishers
should be available in areas where flammables are used.
STORAGE
·
Flammable/combustible liquid in
quantities exceeding a total of 10 gallons (38 liters) within a laboratory
should be stored in approved flammable storage cabinets or safety cans.
·
Flammable/combustible liquid
stored outside of flammable storage cabinets in the laboratory should be kept
to the minimum necessary for the work being done.
·
Containers larger than 5 gallons
(19 liters) shall not be stored in the laboratory.
·
Flammable/combustible liquid
stored in glass containers shall not exceed 1 gallon (3.8 liters).
·
Flammable storage cabinets and
safety cans should not be altered or modified unless specified by Indianas Fire Prevention Code/National Fire Protection Agency guidelines.
·
Flammable/combustible liquids
should only be stored in explosion-proof or laboratory-safe refrigeration
equipment.
·
Flammable/combustible liquid
containers filled or empty should not be stored in hallways or
obstructing exits.
·
Waste flammable/combustible liquids should be stored in
safety cans.
·
Flammables and combustibles should
not be stored near oxidizers, corrosives, combustible material, or near heat
sources. Make sure all chemicals stored near flammable and combustibles are
compatible.
OXIDIZING AGENTS
PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE
Oxidizing
agents are chemicals that bring about an oxidation reaction. The oxidizing
agent may 1) provide oxygen to the substance being oxidized (in which case the
agent has to be oxygen or contain oxygen) or 2) receive electrons being
transferred from the substance undergoing oxidation (chlorine is a good
oxidizing agent for electron-transfer purposes, even though it does not contain
oxygen). The intensity of the oxidation reaction depends on the
oxidizing-reducing potential of the material involved. Fire or explosion is
possible when strong oxidizing agents come into contact with easily oxidizable
compounds, such as metals, metal hydrides or organics. Because oxidizing agents
possess varying degrees of instability, they can be explosively unpredictable.
EXAMPLES OF
OXIDIZING AGENTS
Gases: fluorine,
chlorine, ozone, nitrous oxide, oxygen
Liquids: hydrogen
peroxide, nitric acid, perchloric acid, bromine, sulfuric acid
Solids: nitrites,
nitrates, perchlorates, peroxides, chromates, dichromates, picrates,
permanganates, hypochlorites, bromates, iodates, chlorites, chlorates,
persulfates
HANDLING
·
Appropriate personal protective
equipment (safety goggles, gloves, lab coat, etc.) should be worn when working
with oxidizers.
·
If a reaction is potentially
explosive, or if the reaction is unknown, use a fume hood (with the sash
down as a protective barrier), safety shield, or other methods for isolating
the material or the process.
·
Oxidizers can react violently when
in contact with incompatible materials. For this reason, know the reactivity
of the material involved in an experimental process. Assure that no extraneous
material is in the area where it can become involved in a reaction.
·
The quantity of oxidizer used
should be the minimum necessary for the procedure. Do not leave excessive
amounts of an oxidizer in the vicinity of the process.
·
Perchloric acid must not be used
in a regular chemical fume hood. A specially designed Perchloric Acid Fume
Hood must be utilized for this purpose. Contact EH&S (855-6311) for more
information.
STORAGE
·
Oxidizers should be stored in a
cool, dry place.
·
Oxidizers should be segregated
from organic material, flammables, combustibles and strong reducing agents such
as zinc, alkaline metals, and formic acid.
·
Oxidizing acids such as perchloric
acid and nitric acid should be stored separately in compatible secondary
containers away from other acids.
For the purpose of storage, the Uniform and International
Building Code and the National Fire Protection Association classify oxidizers
based on the increase in the burning rate of the combustible material with
which it comes into contact. See Appendix C for the definitions and a list of
examples. Contact EH&S (855-6311) for more information.
REACTIVE CHEMICALS
PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE
Reactives
are substances that have the potential to vigorously polymerize, decompose,
condense, or become self-reactive due to shock, pressure, temperature, light,
or contact with another material. All reactive hazards involve the release of
energy in a quantity or at a rate too great to be dissipated by the immediate
environment of the reaction system, so that destructive effects occur.
Reactive chemicals include: 1) explosives, 2) organic peroxides, 3)
water-reactives and 4) pyrophorics. Effective control is
essential to minimize the occurrence of reactive chemical hazards.
1) EXPLOSIVES - cause sudden, almost instantaneous release of
pressure, gas, and heat when subjected to sudden adverse conditions. Heat,
light, mechanical shock, detonation, and certain catalysts can initiate
explosive reactions. Compounds containing the functional groups azide,
acetylide, diazo, nitroso, haloamine, peroxide, and ozonide are sensitive to
shock and heat and can explode violently.
·
Appropriate personal protective
equipment (face shield, safety goggles, leather outer gloves, chemical
resistant gloves, lab coat, etc.) should be worn when working with explosives.
·
Before working with explosives,
understand their chemical properties, know the products of side reactions, the
incompatibility of certain chemicals, and monitor environmental catalysts such
as temperature changes.
·
Containers should be dated upon
receipt and when opened. Expired explosives should be discarded promptly.
·
Explosives should be kept to the
minimum necessary for the procedure.
·
If there is a chance of explosion,
use protective barriers (e.g., fume hood sash and safety shield) or other
methods for isolating the material or process.
·
Explosives should be stored in a
cool, dry, and protected area. Segregate from other material that could create
a serious risk to life or property should an accident occur.
2) ORGANIC PEROXIDES - contain an -O-O- structure bonded to organic
groups. These compounds can be considered as structural derivatives of
hydrogen peroxide, H-O-O-H, in which one or both of the hydrogen atoms have
been replaced by an organic group. Generally, organic peroxides are
low-powered explosives that are sensitive to shock, sparks, and heat due to the
weak -O-O- bond which can be cleaved easily. Some organic compounds such as
ethers, tetrahydrofuran, and p-dioxane can react with oxygen from the air
forming unstable peroxides. Peroxide formation can occur under normal storage
conditions, when compounds become concentrated by evaporation, or when mixed
with other compounds. These accumulated peroxides can violently explode when
exposed to shock, friction, or heat.
·
Appropriate personal protective
equipment (safety goggles, gloves, lab coat, etc.) should be worn when working
with organic peroxides or peroxide-forming compounds.
·
Containers should be labeled with
the receiving and opening dates. Unopened material should be discarded
within 1 year and opened material should be discarded within 6 months.
REACTIVE CHEMICALS
PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE
(continued)
·
Containers should be airtight and
stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Segregate from
incompatible chemicals.
·
Peroxide formers, liquid
peroxides, or solutions should not be refrigerated below the temperature
at which the peroxide freezes or precipitates. Peroxides in these forms are
extra sensitive to shock (never store diethyl ether in a refrigerator or
freezer).
·
Unused peroxides should never be
returned to the stock container.
·
Metal spatulas should not
be used with peroxide formers. Only ceramic or plastic spatulas should be
used. Contamination by metal can cause explosive decomposition.
·
Friction, grinding, and all forms
of impact, especially with solid organic peroxides should be avoided. Never
use glass containers with screw cap lids or glass stoppers. Instead, use
plastic bottles and sealers.
·
Testing for the presence of
peroxides should be performed periodically.
·
Containers with obvious crystal
formation around the lid or viscous liquid at the bottom of the container
should NOT be opened or moved. Call EH&S at 855-6311 for disposal.
3) WATER-REACTIVES - react with water or moisture in the air releasing
heat or flammable, toxic gas. Examples include alkali metals, alkaline earth
metals, carbides, hydrides, inorganic chlorides, nitrides, peroxides, and
phosphides.
·
Appropriate personal protective
equipment (safety goggles, gloves, lab coat, etc.) should be worn when working
with water-reactives.
·
Water-reactives should be stored
under mineral oil in a cool, dry place. Isolate from other chemicals.
·
Water-reactives should not
be stored near water, alcohols, and other compounds containing acidic OH.
·
In case of fire, keep water away.
Appropriate fire extinguishers should be available in areas where
water-reactives are used (use a Type D fire extinguisher to extinguish active
metal fires).
4) PYROPHORICS - ignite spontaneously in air below 130 oF
(54 oC). Often the flame is invisible. Examples of pyrophoric
materials include silane, silicon tetrachloride, white and yellow phosphorus,
sodium, tetraethyl lead, potassium, nickel carbonyl, and cesium.
·
Appropriate personal protective
equipment (safety goggles, gloves, lab coat, etc.) should be worn when working
with pyrophorics.
·
Pyrophorics should be used and
stored in inert environments.
·
Appropriate fire extinguishers
should be available in areas where pyrophorics are used.
CARCINOGENS, REPRODUCTIVE TOXINS,
AND ACUTELY TOXIC CHEMICALS
PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE
The
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Laboratory Standard
requires that special handling procedures be employed for certain chemicals
identified as "particularly hazardous substances. Particularly hazardous
substances include chemicals that are "select" carcinogens,
reproductive toxins, and chemicals that have a high degree of acute toxicity.
In addition, many chemicals used (including novel chemicals that are
synthesized) in research laboratories have not been tested explicitly for
carcinogenic or toxic properties and should therefore be handled as
particularly hazardous substances since their hazards are unknown.
Carcinogen
‑ substance that either causes cancer in humans, or because it causes
cancer in animals, is considered capable of causing cancer in humans. OSHA
defines those substances that are known to pose the greatest carcinogenic
hazards as "select" carcinogens (see Appendix C). These materials
include substances that:
1. OSHA regulates as a carcinogen; or
2. The National Toxicology Program
(NTP) lists as "known to be a carcinogen" or "reasonably
anticipated to be a carcinogen" in their Annual Report on Carcinogens; or
3. The International Agency for
Research on Cancer (IARC) lists under Group 1 ("carcinogenic to humans),
Group 2A ("probably carcinogenic to humans"), or Group 2B
("possibly carcinogenic to humans").
Reproductive/Developmental
Toxin ‑ substance that cause chromosomal damage or genetic alterations
(mutagens) or substances with lethal or teratogenic (malformations or physical
defects) in a developing fetus or embryo.
Acutely
Toxic Chemicals ‑ Acute toxicity is the ability of a chemical to cause a
harmful effect after a single exposure. Acutely toxic chemicals can cause
local toxic effects, systemic effects, or both. In general, acutely toxic
chemicals have an Oral LD50 of < 50 mg (rats, per kg), Skin Contact LD50 of
< 200 mg (rabbits, per kg), Inhalation LC50 of <200 (rats, ppm for 1 hr)
OR <2000 (rats, mg/m3 for 1 hr).
HANDLING
·
Designated areas (e.g., fume
hoods, glove boxes, lab benches, outside rooms, etc.) for material use should
be established and the areas identified by signs or postings.
·
Containment devices such as fume
hoods (if necessary) and personal protective equipment (gloves, lab coat, and
eye protection) should be used when handling these hazardous substances.
·
Procedures for the safe use of the
material and waste removal should be established prior to use.
·
Decontamination procedures should
be developed in advance and strictly followed.
CARCINOGENS, REPRODUCTIVE TOXINS,
AND ACUTELY TOXIC CHEMICALS
PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE
(continued)
·
Only laboratory personnel trained
to work with these substances should perform the work, and always within the designated
area. Prior approval is required by the principal investigator or supervisor
(see Section 2.1.1 Prior Approval of Hazardous Operations).
·
Only the minimum quantity of the
material should be used.
STORAGE
·
These materials should be stored
in areas designated for particularly hazardous substances.
·
Storage areas should be clearly
marked with the appropriate hazard warning signs.
·
All containers of these materials
(even if the material is in very small quantities such as 0.1%) should be clearly
labeled with the chemical name or mixture components and the appropriate hazard
warning information.
·
Chemical storage areas should be
secure to avoid spills or broken containers.
·
Storage areas or laboratory rooms
should be locked when laboratory personnel are gone.
COMPRESSED GASES
PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE
In
general, a compressed gas is any material contained under pressure that is
dissolved or liquefied by compression or refrigeration. Compressed gas
cylinders should be handled as high-energy sources and therefore as potential
explosives and projectiles. Prudent safety practices should be followed when
handling compressed gases since they expose workers to both chemical and
physical hazards.
HANDLING
·
Safety glasses with side shields
(or safety goggles) and other appropriate personal protective equipment should
be worn when working with compressed gases.
·
Cylinders should be marked with a
label that clearly identifies the contents.
·
All cylinders should be checked
for damage prior to use. Do not repair damaged cylinders or valves.
Damaged or defective cylinders, valves, etc., should be taken out of use
immediately and returned to the manufacturer/distributor for repair.
·
All gas cylinders (full or empty)
should be rigidly secured to a substantial structure at 2/3 height. Only two
cylinders per restraint are allowed in the laboratory and only soldered link
chains or belts with buckles are acceptable. Cylinder stands are also
acceptable but not preferred.
·
Handcarts shall be used when
moving gas cylinders. Cylinders must be chained to the carts.
·
All cylinders must be fitted with
safety valve covers before they are moved.
·
Only three-wheeled or four-wheeled
carts should be used to move cylinders.
·
A pressure-regulating device shall
be used at all times to control the flow of gas from the cylinder.
·
The main cylinder valve shall be
the only means by which gas flow is to be shut off. The correct position for
the main valve is all the way on or all the way off.
·
Cylinder valves should never be
lubricated, modified, forced, or tampered.
·
After connecting a cylinder, check
for leaks at connections. Periodically check for leaks while the cylinder is
in use.
·
Regulators and valves should be
tightened firmly with the proper size wrench. Do not use adjustable
wrenches or pliers because they may damage the nuts.
·
Cylinders should not be
placed near heat or where they can become part of an electrical circuit.
·
Cylinders should not be
exposed to temperatures above 50 oC (122 oF). Some
rupture devices on cylinders will release at about 65 o C (149 oF).
Some small cylinders, such as lecture bottles, are not fitted with rupture
devices and may explode if exposed to high temperatures.
·
Rapid release of a compressed gas
should be avoided because it will cause an unsecured gas hose to whip
dangerously and also may build up enough static charge to ignite a flammable
gas.
·
Appropriate regulators should be
used on each gas cylinder. Threads and the configuration of valve outlets are
different for each family of gases to avoid improper use. Adaptors and
homemade modifications are prohibited.
·
Cylinders should never be bled
completely empty. Leave a slight pressure to keep contaminants out.
COMPRESSED GASES
PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE
(continued)
STORAGE
·
When not in use cylinders should
be stored with their main valve closed and the valve safety cap in place.
·
Cylinders must be stored upright
and not on their side. All cylinders should be secured.
·
Cylinders awaiting use should be
stored according to their hazard classes.
·
Cylinders should not be
located where objects may strike or fall on them.
·
Cylinders should not be
stored in damp areas or near salt, corrosive chemicals, chemical vapors, heat,
or direct sunlight. Cylinders stored outside should be protected from the
weather.
SPECIAL
PRECAUTIONS
Flammable
Gases
·
No more than two cylinders should
be manifolded together; however several instruments or outlets are permitted
for a single cylinder.
·
Valves on flammable gas cylinders
should be shut off when the laboratory is unattended and no experimental
process is in progress.
·
Flames involving a highly
flammable gas should not be extinguished until the source of the gas has
been safely shut off; otherwise it can reignite causing an explosion.
Acetylene
Gas Cylinders
·
Acetylene cylinders must always be
stored upright. They contain acetone, which can discharge instead of or along
with acetylene. Do not use an acetylene cylinder that has been stored or
handled in a nonupright position until it has remained in an upright position
for at least 30 minutes.
·
The outlet line of an acetylene
cylinder must be protected by a flame arrestor.
·
Compatible tubing should be used
to transport gaseous acetylene. Some tubing like copper forms explosive
acetylides.
Lecture
Bottles
·
All lecture bottles should be
marked with a label that clearly identifies the contents.
·
Lecture bottles should be stored
according to their hazard classes.
·
Lecture bottles, which contain
toxic gases, should be stored in a ventilated cabinet.
·
Lecture bottles should be stored
in a secure place to eliminate them from rolling or falling.
·
Lecture bottles should not
be stored near corrosives, heat, direct sunlight, or in damp areas.
·
To avoid costly disposal fees,
lecture bottles should only be purchased from suppliers that will accept
returned bottles (full or empty). Contact the supplier before purchasing
lecture bottles to ensure that they have a return policy.
·
Lecture bottles should be dated
upon initial use. It is advised that bottles be sent back to the supplier
after one year to avoid accumulation of old bottles.
PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE
Cryogenic
liquids are liquefied gases having boiling points of less than -73.3 oC
(-100 oF). The primary hazards of cryogenic liquids include both
physical hazards such as fire, explosion, and pressure buildup and health
hazards such as severe frostbite and asphyxiation. Potential fire or explosion
hazards exist because cryogenic liquids are capable, under the right conditions,
of condensing oxygen from the atmosphere. This oxygen-rich environment in
combination with flammable/combustible materials, and an ignition source are
particularly hazardous. Pressure is also a hazard because of the large volume
expansion ratio from liquid to gas that a cryogen exhibits as it warms and the
liquid evaporates. This expansion ratio also makes cryogenic liquids more
prone to splash and therefore skin and eye contact is more likely to occur.
Contact with living tissue can cause frostbite or thermal burns, and prolonged
contact can cause blood clots that have very serious consequences. All
laboratory personnel should follow prudent safety practices when handling and
storing cryogenic liquids.
PROPERTIES
OF COMMON CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS
Gas Boiling Point (oC) Volume
Expansion Ratio
Helium -269 757-1
Hydrogen -252.7 851-1
Nitrogen -195.8 696-1
Fluorine -187.0 888-1
Argon -185.7 847-1
Oxygen -183.0 860-1
Methane -161.4 578-1
HANDLING
·
Appropriate personal protective
equipment should be worn when handling cryogenic liquids. This includes special
cryogen gloves, safety goggles, full face shield, impervious apron or coat,
long pants, and high topped shoes. Gloves should be impervious and sufficiently
large to be readily removed should a cryogen be spilled. Watches, rings, and
other jewelry should NOT be worn.
·
Unprotected body parts should not
come in contact with vessels or pipes that contain cryogenic liquids because
extremely cold material may bond firmly to the skin and tear flesh if
separation is attempted.
·
Objects that are in contact with
cryogenic liquid should be handled with tongs or proper gloves.
·
All precautions should be taken to
keep liquid oxygen from organic materials; spills on oxidizable surfaces can be
hazardous.
·
All equipment should be kept
clean, especially when working with liquid or gaseous oxygen.
·
Work areas should be well
ventilated.
·
Transfers or pouring of cryogenic
liquid should be done very slowly to minimize boiling and splashing.
CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS
PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE
(continued)
·
Cryogenic liquids and dry ice used
as refrigerant baths should be open to the atmosphere. They should never be in
a closed system where they may develop uncontrolled or dangerously high
pressure.
·
Liquid hydrogen should not be
transferred in an air atmosphere because oxygen from the air can condense in
the liquid hydrogen presenting a possible explosion risk.
STORAGE
·
Cryogenic liquids should be
handled and stored in containers that are designed for the pressure and
temperature to which they may be subjected. The most common container for
cryogenic liquids is a double-walled, evacuated container known as a dewar
flask.
·
Containers and systems containing
cryogenic liquids should have pressure relief mechanisms.
·
Cylinders and other pressure
vessels such as dewar flasks used for the storage of cryogenic liquids should not
be filled more than 80% of capacity, to protect against possible thermal
expansion of the contents and bursting of the vessel by hydrostatic pressure.
If the possibility exists that the temperature of the cylinder may increase to
above 30 oC (86 oF), a lower percentage (i.e., 60 percent
capacity) should be the limit.
·
Dewar flasks should be shielded
with tape or wire mesh to minimize flying glass and fragments should an
implosion occur.
·
Dewar flasks should be labeled
with the full cryogenic liquid name and hazard warning information.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROCEDURES
Serious
injury or death by electrocution is possible when appropriate attention is not
given to the engineering and maintenance of electrical equipment and personal
work practices around such equipment. In addition, equipment malfunctions can
lead to electrical fires. By taking reasonable precautions, electrical hazards
in the laboratory can be dramatically minimized.
·
Laboratory personnel should know
the location of electrical shut-off switches and/or circuit breakers in or near
the laboratory so that power can be quickly terminated in the event of a fire
or accident.
·
Electrical panels and switches
should never be obstructed and should be clearly labeled to indicate what
equipment or power source they control.
·
All electrical equipment should be
periodically inspected to ensure that cords and plugs are in good condition.
Frayed wires and wires with eroded or cracked insulation should be repaired
immediately, especially on electrical equipment located in wet areas such as
cold rooms or near cooling baths. Insulation on wires can easily be eroded by
corrosive chemicals and organic solvents.
·
All electrical outlets should have
a grounding connection requiring a three-pronged plug.
·
All electrical equipment should
have three-pronged, grounded connectors. The only exception to this rule are
instruments entirely encased in plastic (such as electric pipetters and some
types of microscopes) and Glas-Col heating mantels. If equipment does not have
a three-pronged plug, replace the plug and cord to ground the equipment.
·
Face plates must not be removed
from electrical outlets.
·
Electrical wires should not be
used as supports.
·
Extension cords should be
avoided. If used, they should have three-pronged, grounded connectors and
positioned or secured as not to create a tripping hazard.
·
All shocks should be reported to
the principal investigator or supervisor. All faulty electrical equipment
should be immediately removed from service until repaired.
·
Electrical outlets, wiring, and
equipment within a laboratory or building should only be repaired by IU
Physical Plant or other professional electricians.
·
Proper grounding and bonding of
flammable liquid containers should be practiced to avoid the build-up of excess
static electricity. Sparks generated from static electricity are good ignition
sources.
PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND
DISPOSAL
HANDLING
·
Glassware should be handled and
stored carefully to avoid damage.
·
Chipped, broken, or star-cracked
glassware should be discarded or repaired. Damaged glassware should never be
used.
·
Only thick-walled, pressure
resistant glassware should be utilized under a vacuum.
·
Appropriate hand protection should
be used when picking up broken glass or other sharp objects. Small pieces
should be swept up using a brush and dustpan.
·
Appropriate hand protection should
be used when inserting glass tubing into a rubber stopper or when placing
rubber tubing on glass hose connections. Use of plastic or metal connectors
should be considered.
DISPOSAL
·
All broken glassware that cannot
be repaired should be rinsed thoroughly and collected in a suitable-sized, hard
plastic receptacle labeled BROKEN GLASSWARE. The custodial staff will
discard the contents of these containers.
·
All sharps (needles, razors, etc),
regardless of contamination, should be placed in puncture resistant cardboard
boxes or plastic containers, except for broken glassware as stated above.
·
Sharps and glassware that are
contaminated with chemicals should be collected in puncture-resistant
containers and labeled as Sharps and CCI (Chemically Contaminated Items).
Sharps should are picked up by EH&S by appointment or delivered to Open
House for disposal.
·
All sharps and glassware
contaminated with biological materials must be discarded according to
the procedures outlined in the Biohazardous Waste Disposal policy found
in the Hazardous Waste Disposal Guide. Sharps containers are sold in
chemistry stores, the biology stock room and laboratory supply catalogues.
Note: Red
biohazard sharps containers are to be used only for biohazardous waste.
Regulatory requirements prohibit disposal by the same means as chemically
contaminated sharps.
·
All sharps and glassware
contaminated with radioactive materials must be discarded according to
procedures outlined in Indiana Universitys Radiation Safety Manual.
Despite
the best effort of researchers to practice safe science in the laboratory,
accidents resulting in the release of chemicals will occur. For this reason,
it is essential that laboratory personnel have a spill response plan that
includes appropriate procedures and materials to adequately contain and cleanup
a spill. The following procedures should be used as a guide to help laboratory
personnel design an effective spill control plan for their laboratory (see Section
6.10 Spill Control Kit for information on spill kit contents). For
more detailed information on spills that require special attention and handling
(e.g., acid chlorides, mercury, alkali metals, white and yellow phosphorus,
bromine, and hydrofluoric acid refer to EH&Ss Chemical Spill Response
Guide.
Spill
Response - Major Spill
In
the event of a spill which: 1) involves the release of a type or quantity of
chemical which poses an immediate risk to health; 2) involves an
uncontrolled fire or explosion; or 3) involves serious personal injury; follow
the steps outlined in the Emergency Information section at the beginning
of this Plan.
Spill
Response - Minor Spill
In
the event of a spill involving the release of a type or quantity of chemical
that does not pose an immediate risk to health:
1. Notify other laboratory personnel
of the accident.
2. Isolate the area. Close
laboratory doors and evacuate the immediate area if necessary.
3. Remove all ignition sources and
establish exhaust ventilation. Vent vapors to outside of building only (open
windows and turn on fume hood).
4. Choose appropriate personal
protective equipment (goggles, face shield, impervious gloves, lab coat, apron
or coveralls, boots, respirator, etc.) (All laboratory personnel must be
properly fit tested before using a respirator). Contact EH&S for more
information.
5. Confine and contain the spill.
Cover with appropriate absorbent material. Sweep solid material into a dust
pan and place in a sealed plastic container. Decontaminate the area with soap
and water after cleanup and place residue in a plastic bag or another sealed
plastic container. Bring the containers to EH&Ss Open House or call
EH&S for pickup.
FOR CONSULTATION OR ASSISTANCE CALL
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY:
855-6311
(8a.m.-5p.m., Mon.-Fri.)
GLASS APPARATUS AND PLASTICWARE ASSEMBLY
Borosilicate
glassware is recommended for all laboratory glassware except for special
experiments that use ultra violet (UV) or other light sources. The only soft
glass provided in the laboratory should be reagent bottles, measuring
equipment, stirring rods, and tubing.
Any
glass equipment to be evacuated, such as suction flasks, should be specially
designed with heavy walls. Dewar flasks and large vacuum vessels should be taped
or otherwise screened or contained in a metal jacket to prevent flying glass in
the case of an implosion. Household Thermos bottles have thin walls and are
not acceptable substitutes for laboratory Dewar flasks.
PREPARATION OF GLASS TUBING
AND STOPPERS
To
cut glass tubing:
- Hold
the tubing against a firm support and make one quick firm stroke with a
sharp triangular file or glass cutter long enough to extend approximately
one-third round the circumference.
- Cover
the tubing with cloth and hold the tubing in both hands, away from the
body.
- Place
the thumbs on the tubing opposite the nick 2 to 3 cm (1 in.) apart and
extended toward each other.
- Push
out on the tubing with the thumbs as you pull the sections apart, but do
not deliberately bend the glass with the hands.
If
the tubing does not readily pull apart, the nick probably is too shallow or
rounded, make a fresh sharp file scratch in the same place and repeat the
operation. Avoid accidental contact of the tubing with a nearby person by
standing with your back toward a wall or lab bench.
All
glass tubing and rods, including stirring rods, should be fire polished before
use. Unpolished cut glass has a razor-like edge, which not only can lacerate
the skin, but will also cut into a stopper or rubber hose, making it difficult
to insert the glass properly; After polishing or bending glass, allow ample
time for it to cool before grasping it.
To
drill a stopper:
- Use
only a sharp borer one size smaller than that which will just slip over
the glass tube.
- Lubricate
rubber stoppers with water or glycerol.
- Bore
the hole by slicing through the stopper, twisting with moderate forward
pressure, grasping the stopper only with the fingers, and keeping the hand
away from the back of the stopper.
- Keep
the index finger of the drilling hand against the barrel of the borer and
close to the stopper to stop the borer when it breaks through.
- It
is preferable to drill only part way through and then finish by drilling
from the opposite side. Discard a stopper if a hole is irregular or does
not fit the inserted tube snugly, if it is cracked, or if it leaks.
- Corks
should have been previously softened by rolling and kneading. Rubber or
cork stoppers should fit into a joint so that one-third to one-half of the
stopper is inserted.
GLASS APPARATUS AND PLASTICWARE ASSEMBLY
(continued)
When
available, glassware with ground joints is preferable. Glass stoppers and
joints should be clean, dry and lightly lubricated.
INSERTION OF GLASS TUBES OR
RODS INTO STOPPERS OR FLEXIBLE TUBING
To
insert glass tubes into stoppers or flexible tubing:
- Make
sure the diameter of the tube or rod is compatible with the diameter of
the hose or stopper.
- If
not already fire polished, fire polish the end of the glass to be
inserted; let it cool.
- Lubricate
the glass. Water may be sufficient but glycerol is a better lubricant.
- Wear
heavy gloves or wrap layers of cloth around the glass and protect the
other hand by holding the hose or stopper with a layered cloth pad.
- Hold
the glass rod or tube near the end to be inserted, not more than 5 cm (2
in) from the end.
- Insert
the glass with a slight twisting motion, avoiding too much pressure and
torque.
- If
necessary, use a cork borer as a sleeve for insertion of glass tubes.
- Substitute
a piece of metal tubing for glass tubing if possible.
·
Remove stuck tubes by slitting the
hose or stopper with a sharp knife.
APPARATUS ASSEMBLY
The
following recommendations will help make apparatus assembly easier, safer, and
avoid equipment failure during use:
- Keep
your workspace free of clutter.
- Set
up clean, dry apparatus, firmly clamped and well back from the edge of the
lab bench or hood with due regard to the proximity of reagent bottles to
burners and to other workers and their equipment. Choose sizes that can
properly accommodate the operation to be performed, allowing 20% free
space at the minimum.
- Use
only equipment that is free from flaws such as cracks, chips, frayed wire,
and obvious defects. Glassware can be examined in polarized light for
stains. Even the smallest chip or crack renders glassware unusable;
chipped or cracked ware should be repaired or discarded.
- A
properly placed pan under a reaction vessel or container will act as a
secondary containment to confine spilled liquids in the event of glass
breakage.
- Addition
and separatory funnels should be properly supported and oriented so that
the stopcock will not be loosened by gravity. A retainer ring should be
used on the stopcock plug. Glass stopcocks should be freshly lubricated.
Teflon stopcocks should not need lubrication.
- Condensers
should be properly supported with securely positioned clamps. The attached
water hoses must be secured to the glass fittings with wire or appropriate
hose clamps.
GLASS APPARATUS AND PLASTICWARE ASSEMBLY
(continued)
Stirrer
motors and vessels should be secured to maintain proper alignment. Magnetic
stirring is preferable.
- Apparatus
attached to a ring stand should be positioned so that the center of
gravity of the system is over the base and not to one side. There should
be adequate provision for removing burners or baths quickly. Standards
bearing heavy loads should be firmly attached to the bench top. Equipment
racks should be securely anchored at the top and bottom.
OPERATIONAL PRECAUTIONS
The
following precautions should be considered prior to assembly and during
operation of the apparatus.
- When
working with flammable gases or liquids, do not allow burners or other
ignition sources in the vicinity. Use appropriate traps, condensers, or
scrubbers to minimize release of vapors to the environment. If a hot plate
is used, ensure that the temperatures of all exposed surfaces are less
than the autoignition temperature of the chemicals likely to be released
and that the temperature control device and the stirring or ventilating
motors do not spark
- Only
non-sparking motors or pneumatic motors should be used in chemical
laboratories.
- Whenever
possible, use controlled electrical heaters or steam in place of gas
burners.
- Inspect
power cords for chemical or physical damage by unplugging the equipment
then bend the cord to look for cracks in the insulation. Be sure to check
carefully and close to the point where the power cord enters the housing.
- Apparatus,
equipment, or chemical bottles should not be placed on the floor.
- Never
heat a closed container. Provide a vent as part of the apparatus for
chemicals that are to be heated. Prior to heating a liquid, place boiling
stones in unstirred vessels (except test tubes). If a burner is to be
used, distribute the heat with a ceramic-centered wire gauze. Use a
thermometer with its bulb in the boiling liquid if there is the
possibility of a dangerous exothermic decomposition as in some
distillations. This will provide a warning and may allow time to remove
the heat and apply external cooling. The setup should allow for fast
removal of heat.
- Whenever
hazardous gases or fumes are likely to be evolved, an appropriate gas trap
should be used and the operation confined to a fume hood.
- Fume
hoods are recommended for all operations in which toxic or flammable vapors
are evolved as in many distillations. Most vapors have a density greater
than that of air and will settle on a bench top or floor where they may
diffuse to a distant burner or ignition source. These vapors will roll out
over astonishingly long distances and, if flammable, an ignition can cause
a flash back to the source of the vapors. Once diluted with significant
amounts of air, vapors move in air essentially as air itself.
- Use
a hood when working with a system under reduced pressure (which may implode).
Close the sash to provide a shield. If a hood is not available, use a
standing shield. Shields that can be knocked over must be stabilized with
weights or fasteners. Standing shields are preferably secured near the
top. Proper eye and face protection must be worn even when using the
shields or hood.
SOLVENT STILLS
PROCEDURES FOR SET-UP, USE, AND NEUTRALIZATION
Although the procedures for purifying laboratory
chemicals are inherently safe, care must be exercised if hazards are to be
avoided. Solvent distillation equipment in which flammable liquids are purified
by distillation with reactive metals or metal hydrides such as Na, K, CaH2,
or LiAlH4 are possibly the greatest danger in any organic chemistry
laboratory. The potential fire and explosion hazards associated with the
combination of air- and/or water-reactive metals with large amounts of organic
solvents are great and the effects on personnel and equipment can be
catastrophic. The chances of personnel escaping such an incident unharmed are
very low. Consider using alternative solvent purification systems and
methods before proceeding. (See column purification method below for a
procedure that avoids all heat and distillation.)
SET-UP AND
OPERATION
1.
Use proper personal protective
equipment (gloves, safety glasses, and lab coat) while operating a distillation
unit.
2.
Any solvent stills containing
reactive metals should be located in a fume-hood.
3.
After set up and before start up
get prior approval and a final equipment check from the principal investigator
or an approved competent person.
4.
The total volume of solvent used
in these stills shall be kept to a minimum [BUT they should never be allowed to
go dry.] Their useful working volume is Ό to 2/3 of filled capacity.
5. Stills should be operated under an
inert gas atmosphere of nitrogen or argon.
6.
Several types of drying agents can
be used:
a)
Na, K, or Na/K must never be used
for solvents containing C-Cl or O-H bonds.
b)
Because of their pyrophoric nature
(possible spontaneous ignition upon contact with air) the use of
sodium/potassium alloys (NaK), which are liquids at ambient temperature should
be avoided. Solvent flasks containing LiAlH4 must never be heated.
As a drying agent LiAlH4 is therefore only suitable for
non-reducible solvents that can be obtained pure by flask-to-flask
vacuum-transfer at ambient temperature.
c)
The use of potassium alone is
recommended for THF only in these solvents the metal will melt providing a
fresh & reactive surface. Be aware that it is much more reactive than
sodium, especially when quenching a solvent still (see below).
d)
The use of sodium alone is
recommended for diethyl ether and all other hydrocarbons such as toluene,
benzene, pentane, hexane, heptane, etc.
e)
Calcium hydride is recommended for
methylene chloride and other halogenated solvents.
f)
Magnesium/Iodine is recommended
for methanol and ethanol.
g)
For all high boiling solvents the
use of 4 Ε molecular sieves (activated by heating under full dynamic vacuum
overnight) is recommended.
SOLVENT STILLS
PROCEDURES FOR SET-UP, USE, AND NEUTRALIZATION
(continued)
7.
Solvent stills should never be
left running (i.e., being heated to reflux) while unattended especially not
overnight.
8.
Stills should be deactivated and
restarted with all fresh solvent and drying agents on a regular basis to avoid
buildup of metal hydroxides and benzophenone cakes that would impair stirring
necessary during deactivation.
9.
To deactivate a solvent still
containing reactive metals follow the procedure below for deactivation and
neutralization.
Reference: Armarego, W.L.F., Perrin, D.D., Purification
of Laboratory Chemicals, Fourth Edition, 1998.
Deactivation and NEUTRALIZATION
Please read and follow these procedures carefully.
This procedure can be dangerous and requires plenty of time to complete. Do not
rush the process. Only properly trained
persons are to perform this procedure.
1.
Notify other laboratory occupants and your supervisor of your intent to
perform this procedure. Do not perform this procedure "after-hours".
2.
Wear a lab coat, safety glasses, face shield, and gloves. Orient
yourself with the location of the nearest emergency shower, fire blanket, and
exit. Have a dry-chemical fire extinguisher available.
3.
Inspect the still flask. The
still flask should not be more than 1/5 full and the mixture must be stirring
freely using a magnetic stir bar. If it is not, carefully attempt to break up
any solid deposits in the flask using a large spatula. If this does not work,
seek assistance from your supervisor.
4.
In a fume hood cleared of all
other reactions and equipment, set up a reaction apparatus as illustrated in
the attached scheme. Securely clamp the still flask and all other parts of the
apparatus to a sturdy lab-stand or support rod.
5.
Make sure that there is an ample
supply of nitrogen or argon that will last at least 24 hours with a slow rate
of bubbling and establish that both nitrogen/argon and cooling water are
flowing at a reasonable rate with the hose connections to the condenser secured
by copper wire or similar.
6.
If the solvent still contains sodium
or potassium:
a)With
stirring, slowly add an equal volume of toluene or preferably xylene to the
flask (see attached figure) while maintaining a slight counter-flow of nitrogen
or argon through the apparatus. The counter-flow should be maintained during
any additions to the flask throughout the entire procedure. Stir for 5-10 min.
observing the reaction.
b)
With stirring, add 1 ml of
n-butanol or t-butanol and observe the reaction. In the presence of active
metal hydrogen gas evolution will occur. Further 1 ml portions of the alcohol
are added at such a rate that the heat evolved by neutralization does not cause
the reaction mixture to come to reflux. This will take several hours, or even
longer. The reactivity of the mixture can be monitored by briefly interrupting
the nitrogen flow and monitoring the bubbler. As long as there is gas
evolution from the apparatus, reactive metal is present.
SOLVENT STILLS
PROCEDURES FOR SET-UP, USE, AND NEUTRALIZATION
(continued)
c)
When no further reactivity is
observed, procedure b) is repeated with ethanol. Again this may take several
hours, or overnight, until all hydrogen evolution ceases.
d)
Add 50-100 ml methanol in 5 ml
portions and monitor the reaction. Stir at least 1 h or until no further gas
evolution is observed.
e) Repeat procedure b) with water until no further gas
evolution is observed.
f)
Dispose of the contents of the
flask as organic chemical waste from your laboratory.
7.1.If the solvent still contains lithium aluminum
hydride:
a)
With stirring, slowly add 1 ml
portions of 95 % ethanol to the flask containing the hydride in solution (see
attached figure) while maintaining a slight counter-flow of nitrogen or argon
through the apparatus. The counter-flow should be maintained during any
additions to the flask throughout the entire procedure. Stir for 5-10 min.
observing the reaction.
b)
When no more gas evolution is
observed slowly add a saturated solution of ammonium chloride.
c)
Separate the organic and aqueous
layers formed.
d)
Dispose of the two components in
the appropriate manner, i.e., the organic layer into the organic waste
collection container, the aqueous layer into the aqueous waste collection
container in your laboratory.
8.
If the solvent still contains calcium
hydride in dichloromethane (CH2Cl2):
a)
With stirring, slowly add 1-2 ml
portions of methanol to the flask (see figure) while maintaining a slight
counter-flow of nitrogen or argon through the apparatus.
The
counter-flow should be maintained during any additions to the flask throughout
the entire procedure. Stir for 5-10 min. after each addition observing the
reaction.
b)
When no more gas evolution is
observed slowly add excess water.
c)
Separate the organic and aqueous
layers formed.
d) Dispose of the two components in the appropriate
manner, i.e., the organic layer into the halogenated organic waste collection
container, the aqueous layer into the aqueous waste collection container in
your laboratory.
SOLVENT STILLS
PROCEDURES FOR SET-UP, USE, AND NEUTRALIZATION
(continued)
COLUMN PURIFICATION SYTEMS
Commercially available column
purification systems are a viable alternative for some distillation procedures.
While the column method does not have the fire or explosion initiators that
distillation units have, they do, however, have their own set of safety
considerations that must be accounted for.
- The quantities of solvents in the system tend to
be larger so the units must be used in an appropriate location equipped
with flammable liquid cabinets, fire doors, sprinklers, and the quantity
limits imposed by the building codes must not be exceeded.
- The columns are pressurized from 5-50 psi
therefore; they must be secure and equipped with the appropriate valves
and plumbing.
- Peroxides may accumulate on the columns and must
be changed in accordance with the manufacturers recommendation.
- Some
solvents, including tetrahydrofuran and mthylene chloride, are
incompatible with the copper catalyst therefore; the column method may not
be suitable for some applications.
References: Cournoyer, Michael E., and Dare, Jeffery
H., The Use of Alternative Solvent Purification Techniques, Chemical Heath
and Safety, July/August, 2003.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is selected based
on the potential hazard presented by the work. Each laboratory procedure should
be scrutinized individually for potential hazards based on the chemicals to be
used and the procedure to be performed. The hazard assessment is then used to
determine the appropriate personal protective equipment.
Each laboratory group is
responsible for assessing the potential hazards presented by their work. The Personal
Protective Equipment Hazard Assessment Form found in Appendix B can be used for
this purpose. The potential hazards presented by typical laboratory procedures
and the corresponding personal protective equipment are found on the form. The
list does not include all laboratory procedures. Additional tasks and personal
protective equipment should be added as necessary on the form.
A list of chemicals that
require skin protection can be found in Appendix C. These chemicals have been
identified by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and/or
the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) as
chemicals that present a significant risk of skin absorption and subsequent
toxicity. Many chemicals not on the list also require the use of gloves and
other personal protective equipment. Never underestimate the risk of exposure.
Always practice good chemical hygiene and use personal protective equipment.
HAND PROTECTION
No glove is resistant to all
chemicals. Consult the glove manufacturers selection guides for chemical
compatibility prior to use. Glove selection guides are available in the
chemistry or biology stockrooms and can also be found at the manufacturers web
sites and through the EH&S web page (www.ehs.indiana.edu). For further assistance
contact EH&S (855-6311).
When selecting and using gloves always:
·
Consider chemical resistance,
thickness, length, and dexterity requirements.
·
Inspect all gloves before use for
signs of swelling, cracking, discoloration, pinholes, etc.
·
Double gloving (wearing one glove
over another) can be used as a precaution.
·
Change gloves frequently or as
often as needed if they become contaminated.
·
Do not touch doorknobs, phones,
etc. when wearing gloves. (Remove them before touching anything to prevent
leaving chemical residue on the item.)
·
Remove gloves by pinching the
material in the palm and turning them inside out as the glove is removed over
the finger tips (thus keeping contamination on the inside of the removed
glove.)
·
Thicker reusable gloves should be
rinsed after every use.
Chemical
resistance is based on several characteristics of the glove material. When
selecting the appropriate glove, the following properties should be considered:
·
Degradation
·
Breakthrough time
·
Permeation rate
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE
(continued)
Degradation
is the change in one or more of the physical properties of a glove caused by
contact with a chemical. Degradation typically appears as hardening,
stiffening, swelling, shrinking or cracking of the glove. Degradation ratings
indicate how well a glove will hold up when exposed to a chemical. When looking
at a chemical compatibility chart, degradation is usually reported as E
(excellent), G (good), F (fair), P (poor), NR (not recommended) or NT (not
tested).
Breakthrough
time is
the elapsed time between the initial contact of the test chemical on the surface of the
glove and the analytical detection of the chemical on the inside of the glove.
Permeation
rate is
the rate at which the test chemical passes through the glove material once
breakthrough has occurred and equilibrium is reached. Permeation involves
absorption of the chemical on the surface of the glove, diffusion through the
glove, and desorption of the chemical on the inside of the glove. Resistance to
permeation rate is usually reported as E (excellent), G (good), F (fair), P
(poor), NR (not recommended), or NT (not tested). If chemical breakthrough does
not occur, then permeation rate is not measured and is reported ND (none
detected).
Manufacturers
stress that permeation and degradation tests are done under laboratory test
conditions, which can vary significantly from actual conditions in the work
environment. Users may decide to conduct their own tests, particularly when
working with highly toxic materials or chemicals for which no data can be
found. This should always be done carefully in a fume hood with PPE and without
touching the chemicals or contaminated materials with the hands (i.e. use
forceps).
For
mixtures, it is recommended that the glove material be selected based on the
shortest breakthrough time.
The following table shows
the typical glove materials and their general uses.
|
Glove
Material
|
General
Uses
|
|
Butyl
|
Offers the highest resistance to permeation by most gases and
water vapor. Especially suitable for use with esters and ketones.
|
|
Neoprene
|
Provides moderate abrasion resistance but good tensile strength
and heat resistance. Compatible with many acids, caustics and oils.
|
|
Nitrile
|
Excellent general duty glove. Provides protection from a wide
variety of solvents, oils, petroleum products and some corrosives. Excellent
resistance to cuts, snags, punctures and abrasions.
|
|
PVC
|
Provides excellent abrasion resistance and protection from most
fats, acids, and petroleum hydrocarbons.
|
|
PVA
|
Highly impermeable to gases. Excellent protection from aromatic
and chlorinated solvents. Cannot be used in water or water-based solutions.
|
|
Viton
|
Exceptional resistance to chlorinated and aromatic solvents.
Good resistance to cuts and abrasions.
|
|
Silver Shield
|
Resists a wide variety of toxic and hazardous chemicals.
Provides the highest level of overall chemical resistance.
|
|
Natural rubber
|
Provides flexibility and resistance to a wide variety of acids,
caustics, salts, detergents and alcohols. (See Latex Gloves and Related
Allergies below).
|
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE
(continued)
Latex Gloves and Related
Allergies
Allergic
reactions to natural rubber latex can sometimes occur. The term
"latex" refers to natural rubber latex and includes products made
from dry natural rubber. Natural rubber latex is the product manufactured from
a milky fluid derived mainly from the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. Natural rubber latex is
found in many products including gloves, personal protective equipment, medical
equipment, office supplies, household products, automotive products, and
childrens toys.
Several
chemicals are added to this fluid during the processing and manufacture of
commercial latex. Some proteins in latex can cause a range of mild to severe
allergic reactions. The total protein serves as a useful indicator of the
exposure of concern. The chemicals added during processing may also cause skin
rashes. Several types of synthetic rubber are also referred to as
"latex," but these do not release the proteins that cause allergic
reactions.
Latex
exposure symptoms include skin rash and inflammation, respiratory irritation,
asthma and shock. The amount of exposure needed to sensitize an individual to
natural rubber latex is not known, but when exposures are reduced,
sensitization decreases.
In
addition to skin contact with the latex allergens, inhalation is another
potential route of exposure.
The proteins responsible for latex allergies have been shown to fasten to
powder that is used on some latex gloves. Latex proteins may be released into the air
along with the powders used to lubricate the interior of the glove.
The following actions
are recommended to reduce exposure to latex:
·
Whenever possible,
substitute another glove material.
·
If latex gloves must
be used, choose reduced-protein, powder-free latex gloves.
·
Wash hands with mild
soap and water after removing latex gloves.
Once a worker
becomes allergic to latex, special precautions are needed to prevent exposures during
work. Certain medications may reduce the allergy symptoms, but complete latex
avoidance is the most effective approach.
PROTECTIVE EYEWEAR
Protective eyewear is required whenever there
is a reasonable probability that the eyes could be exposed to chemicals. The
type of eyewear required depends on the hazard classification of the area and
procedure to be performed.
Types of Protective Eyewear
Safety Glasses
Safety
glasses have shatter resistant lenses made of materials like polycarbonate
plastic with side shields attached to the temples that meet the specifications of the
American National Standards Institute Standard Z87.1-1989. Safety glasses are
designed to stop physical objects or harmful radiation such a laser light from entering
the eyes and provide little or no protection from vapors or liquids.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE
(continued)
Goggles
Properly
vented safety goggles are the preferred eye protection to be worn when
chemicals are handled in the laboratory. These should be worn over
prescription glasses.
Goggles
come in two types, vented and non-vented. Non-vented goggles are used to protect
your eyes from vapors, mists, fumes, or other eye hazards that require complete
eye coverage with no leaks or perforations.
Vented
goggles are used where there are moderate quantities of liquids being used but
no vapors or mists are involved. There are several types of vented goggles. The
type of vented goggles made for laboratory use has a series of buttons embedded
into the plastic. These buttons house a baffle plate that allows air to pass
but presents a physical barrier to liquids. Do not use the common vented
goggle with simple holes drilled in the sides. This type of vented goggle will
not stop liquids from coming in through the holes and is not suitable for
laboratory work.
Face
Shields
Face shields are designed to augment other types
of eye protection and are not meant to be a stand alone form of eye protection.
Face shields are used to protect your entire face to catch any liquids that
might splash onto the face.
Hazard Classifications
Areas and operations within research buildings can be classified
into three types of hazardous areas based on the following definitions. It is
important to recognize that the procedure is classified as well as the area. It
would be possible to have a Class 1 operation in a Class 2 area. Appropriate
additional protection would be required.
Class
1 Eye Hazard
Specific
and predictable eye hazards exist in this area. Examples of eye protection
required in these areas are acid splash goggles, face shields, welding helmets,
and laser goggles. Industrial safety glasses alone do not provide adequate eye
protection in these areas. Contact lenses are prohibited in these areas.
Class
2 Eye Hazard
Unpredictable
eye hazards exist in this area. Industrial safety glasses with side shields are
therefore always required for workers and visitors when entering these areas.
Typical Class 2 hazard areas include laboratories or other areas not already
identified as Class 1 or Class 3. Contact lenses may be worn in this area only
when used in conjunction with industrial safety glasses.
Class
3 Eye Hazard
Hazards
requiring eye protection are seldom encountered in this area, which are:
Offices including enclosed offices
within laboratories or protected desk areas. To comply with this policy there
must be a line of sight barrier (for example an office partition) between
personnel and any chemicals or any chemical process in the laboratory.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE
(continued)
Conference rooms
Libraries and reading rooms
Corridors, lobbies, elevators, and
stairwells
Locker and rest rooms
Mail and copier rooms
Computer and computer user rooms
Lounges and break rooms
These
areas are exempted from the requirement that occupants and visitors must wear
industrial safety glasses. Any other spaces judged to be Class 3 hazard areas,
which do not fall into one of these categories, must be specifically exempted
by the Chemical Hygiene Officer.
Exemption Procedure
Eye protection may be removed while viewing materials
through a microscope or similar equipment. Eye protection must be replaced
after operation is complete. Microscope and similar equipment must be located
in an area where removal of eye protection does not place personnel at risk
from other hazards in the area.
Local
Safety Procedure Required
State if eye protection can be removed behind a line
of sight barrier. Define line of sight barrier. Any approved exemptions must be
identified on the Personal Protective Equipment Hazard Assessment Form LCS-4 in
Appendix B.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
Protective
clothing in the form of lab coats, aprons, and closed toed shoes are required
whenever the possibility of chemical contamination to the body exists.
Protective clothing that resists physical and chemical hazards should be worn
over street clothes.
Lab
coats and aprons should be left in the laboratory and not taken home. This
prevents the worker from carrying incidental contamination out of the
laboratory and presenting a chemical hazard to co-workers, friends, or family.
Disposable
outer garments such as Tyvek suits, aprons, and lab coats may be useful when
cleaning and decontamination of reusable clothing is difficult.
Shorts,
loose clothing (including ties), or torn clothing are inappropriate for work
with hazardous chemicals.
Lab
Coats
Lab
coats are appropriate for minor chemical splashes and spills. They should be
worn buttoned with the sleeves covering the arms. Do not roll up the
sleeves.
Aprons
Rubber or plastic aprons are appropriate for
handling corrosives or irritating liquids.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE
(continued)
FOOTWEAR
Shoes
should be worn at all times where chemicals are stored or used. Perforated
shoes, sandals or cloth sneakers should not be worn in laboratories. They offer
no barrier between the laboratory worker and chemicals or broken glass. Leather
shoes are preferable but tend to absorb chemicals and may have to be discarded
if contaminated with a hazardous material.
Chemical
resistant overshoes, boots, or disposable shoe coverings (booties), may be
used to avoid possible exposure to corrosive chemicals or large quantities of
solvents or water that might penetrate normal footwear (e.g., during spill
cleanup).
Although generally not
required in most laboratories, steel-toed safety shoes may be necessary when
there is a risk of heavy objects falling or rolling onto the feet, such as in
bottle-washing operations, animal care facilities, or if large quantities of
liquids are stored and moved in drums.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Respiratory
protection is typically provided by using adequate engineering controls such as
chemical fume hoods, canopy hoods, snorkel hoods, glove boxes, and
appropriately equipped biological safety cabinets. It should be noted that not
all biological safety cabinets provide protection from toxic chemical vapors
and fumes. These devices should be carefully selected and used only for their
intended purpose.
A respirator may only be
used when engineering controls, such as general ventilation or a fume hood, are
not feasible or do not reduce the exposure of a chemical to acceptable levels.
Respirators can only be used in accordance with the Occupational Safety and
Health Administrations (OSHA) Respiratory Protection Standard and the Indiana
University Respiratory Protection Program. Contact EH&S (855-6311) for more
information or to obtain a respirator and arrange the required respirator fit
test and medical examination.
HEAD PROTECTION
Head protection may be
necessary in industrial type laboratories where overhead hazards exist or
fluids may splash onto the head. Appropriate head protection in the form of
hard hats or fluid barrier hats should be used in these cases. Hooded
disposable coveralls may also be used if necessary.
4.0 INFORMATION AND
TRAINING
The OSHA Lab Standard requires that individuals who
will be working with chemicals in the laboratory be provided with sufficient
training to enable them to conduct their work safely. Training must be
provided prior to the time when individuals begin their duties involving
chemicals and whenever there is a significant change in the types or quantities
of chemicals used. Departments and, ultimately, principal investigators (or
laboratory supervisors) are responsible for ensuring that all individuals
working in their laboratories have been adequately trained.
4.1
Required Training
Content
The general training topics required by the Lab
Standard are the:
· Content of the Lab Standard.
· Location and availability of the Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan
(i.e., Chemical Hygiene Plan).
· Permissible exposure limits (PELs) for OSHA regulated substances (see
Appendix A) or recommended limits for other materials that have no OSHA limits.
· Signs and symptoms associated with chemical exposure.
· Location and availability of known reference material on the hazards,
safe handling, storage, and disposal of chemicals. This includes, but is not
limited to, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs).
· Methods to detect the presence or release of chemicals.
· Physical and health hazards of chemicals.
· Measures that laboratory workers can take to protect themselves from
chemical hazards, including control measures, personal protective equipment,
SOPs, and emergency procedures.
4.2
Training Resources
The University Office of Environmental Health and
Safety (EH&S) provides a number of types and formats of safety training to
the university community. Among the training routinely offered is a
Laboratory Safety Orientation, which is designed to cover, in a general
way, many of the topics required by the OSHA Lab Standard. This Orientation,
however, is not intended to be the sole means of training laboratory workers,
but must be supplemented by additional safety instruction from the principal
investigator (or laboratory supervisor) on the potential hazards associated
with an individuals specific duties. This individualized training should
include a review of the laboratorys safety features and equipment (Form LCS-2
in Appendix B has been prepared to assist principal investigators in this
process). For information on other safety training resources available from
EH&S (such as specialized training sessions, videotapes, safety guides,
chemical references, and MSDSs), individuals should call 855-6311. Below is a
partial list of such resources:
Videotapes
Elements of Safety The Keys to Laboratory
Safety
Laboratory Videotape Series (Industrial
Training, Inc.)
12 tapes (J.T. Baker)
· Orientation to Lab Safety Practicing Safe Science
· Safety Showers and Eyewashes (Howard Hughes Medical Institute)
· Flammables and Explosives
· The OSHA Formaldehyde Standard Chemical Hazards
· Electrical Safety in the Laboratory (Howard Hughes Medical Institute)
· Laboratory Ergonomics
· Material Safety Data Sheets Emergency
Response
· Laboratory Hoods (Howard Hughes Medical Institute)
· Preventing Contamination
· Safe Handling of Laboratory Glassware Radionuclide
Hazards
· Planning for Laboratory Emergencies (Howard Hughes Medical Institute)
· Handling Compressed Gas Cylinders
Safety Guides
Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan Radiation Safety Guide for
(Indiana University) Users
of Analytical X-Ray Systems
(Indiana University)
Laser Safety Guide
(Indiana University) Radionuclide
Fact Sheets
(Indiana University)
Radiation Safety Manual
for Radioactive Material Users
(Indiana University)
4.3 Training
Documentation
Departments and principal investigators are
responsible for documenting the safety training provided to individuals working
within their laboratories. For each individual, a record should be maintained
not only for formal training sessions attended such as the EH&S Laboratory
Safety Orientation, but also for informal safety instruction or training
provided in the laboratory (Form LCS-3 in Appendix B may be used for this
purpose).
5.0 MEDICAL CONSULTATIONS AND EXAMINATIONS
In accordance with the requirements of the OSHA Lab Standard, Indiana University provides all employees who work with chemicals the opportunity to
receive medical consultations and examinations under the supervision of a
licensed physician. Medical examinations are provided without cost to the
employee, without loss of pay, and at a reasonable time and place.
5.1 Examination Criteria
Medical examinations are available to employees who work with
chemicals in the laboratory whenever:
· an employee develops signs or symptoms
associated with a chemical to which exposure may have occurred in the
laboratory;
· exposure monitoring reveals an exposure
level routinely above the action level (or in the absence of an action level,
the PEL) for an OSHA regulated substance for which there are exposure
monitoring and medical surveillance requirements; or
· a spill, leak, explosion, or other event
occurs in the laboratory resulting in the likelihood of chemical exposure.
5.2 Information to the Physician
The employees department or principal investigator must provide
the physician with the following information regarding the employees potential
exposure:
· the identity of the chemicals to which the
employee may have been exposed.
Note: Provide the physician with the Material Safety Data
Sheet for the chemical but do not delay obtaining medical attention.
· a description of the conditions under
which the exposure occurred; and
· a description of the employees symptoms.
5.3 Physicians Written Opinion
Upon completion of the employees consultation or examination, the
department or principal investigator must obtain a written opinion from the
examining physician that includes the following information:
· any recommendations for further medical
follow-up;
· results of the medical examination and
associated tests;
· any medical condition found as a result of
the examination that may place the employee at increased risk from further
chemical exposure in the laboratory; and
· a statement that the employee has been
informed by the physician of the results of the consultation or examination.
The physicians written opinion shall not reveal specific findings
of diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure.
5.4 Campus Medical Services
Medical services are available to Indiana University students and
employees at the locations shown on the map. The numbered locations refer to
the facilities described below.
1. IU Health Center, 600 North Jordan Ave. (See map for
location) Phone
Emergency
care
.
855-5001
Clinical laboratory
.
855-8371
Director of Medical
Services
.
855-4055
Students
receive treatment for injuries at the IU Health Center located at the northeast
corner of Jordan Avenue and Tenth Street.
The IU Health Center offers expertise in such laboratory safety
issues as post-accident evaluation and follow-up, baseline medical evaluation,
and medical surveillance. The Health Center combines on-campus proximity and
professionalism with a unique understanding of the requirements of the academic
research community.
Emergency care is available without appointment (Room 216), while
baseline evaluation and surveillance visits require prior arrangement.
Services at the Health Center are available Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. (with special hours during academic breaks), and at other times by
special arrangement.
Outside of the Health Center hours, care is available at
Promptcare Urgent Care Clinics and the Bloomington Hospital Emergency
Department.
2. Bloomington Hospital, 601 West Second St. (See map for
location) Phone
General Information
..336-6821
In the event of life-threatening injury or illness, dial 911 and request an ambulance for assistance.
5.5 Promptcare Urgent Care Clinic
Indiana University employees receive treatment for work related
injuries at either of the Promptcare Urgent Care Clinics. Non-employee student
volunteers working in a laboratory are also treated at Promptcare for
work related injuries.
Services at Promptcare East are available
seven days a week from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Promptcare East, located at the
corner of Woodcrest Drive and East Third Street, provides medical care for Indiana University employees.
Services at Promptcare West are available
from 8.am to 8:00 P.M. Monday through Saturday (Closed Sundays). Promptcare
West is located just west of State Highway 37 on the south side of Third Street.
Outside of these hours, emergency medical
care is available through the Bloomington Hospital Emergency Department. In
the event of life-threatening injury or illness, dial 911 and request an ambulance for assistance.
Urgent care is available without
appointment. An appointment is preferred for baseline evaluations and medical
surveillance visits. They both provide expertise in such laboratory safety
issues as post-accident evaluation and follow-up, baseline medical evaluation,
and medical surveillance.
Promptcare Urgent Care Clinics (See
map for locations)
Phone
3. Promptcare East, 326 Woodcrest Drive
...
.353-6888
4.
Promptcare West, 3443 West Third Street
.
.
..353-3443
6.0 LABORATORY SAFETY EQUIPMENT
The availability and use of a number of types of
safety equipment is essential to the practice of safe science. Safety
equipment should be present in well-marked, highly visible, and easily
accessible locations in or near all laboratories that use hazardous chemicals.
For more information regarding safety equipment or specific regulatory
requirements, please call the University Office of Environmental Health and
Safety (855-6311).
6.1 Chemical Fume Hoods
Chemical fume hoods are one of the most important
items of equipment used for the protection of workers in the laboratory. A
standard fume hood is a chemical and fire resistant enclosure with a movable
window (sash) at the front to allow the user access to the interior. Chemical
fume hoods capture, contain, and expel chemical emissions. In addition,
chemical fume hoods (with the sash down) provide a protective barrier between
laboratory personnel and chemicals or chemical processes. A properly
functioning hood draws between 60-100 linear feet per minute of air at
full-open sash. The storage of large numbers of chemical bottles or other
items within the hood can dramatically impair this functioning. To ensure that
fume hoods are operating properly, the University Office of Environmental
Health and Safety conduct periodic inspections. IU Physical Plant services any
hoods that are not functioning properly immediately. (See SOP 3.3 Chemical
Fume Hoods - Procedures for Proper and Safe Use.)
6.2 Safety Showers
Safety showers are required in areas where hazardous
chemicals are used. Safety showers provide an effective means of initial
treatment in the event of chemical contamination of the skin or clothing. The
shower area should be readily accessible, clear of obstructions, and clearly
labeled. IU Physical Plant inspects safety showers annually to ensure that
they are working properly. In the event of chemical contamination of an
individuals body, immediately flush the body for 15 minutes under the shower,
remove all clothing, and seek medical attention.
6.3 Eyewash Stations
Eyewash stations are required in areas where hazardous
chemicals are used. Eyewashes should be easily accessible, unobstructed, and
clearly labeled. The use of the hands should not be required to activate and
maintain the water flow. Plumbed eyewash units are best and strongly
recommended. Eyewashes should be inspected routinely by laboratory personnel
to ensure that they are working properly. In the event of chemical
contamination of the eyes or face, immediately flush the eyes/face for 15
minutes and seek medical attention.
6.4 Fire Extinguishers
Fires are one of the most common types of laboratory
accidents. Laboratory personnel should know the locations of all fire
extinguishers in the laboratory, the type of fires for which they are
appropriate, and how to operate them correctly. The University Department of
Risk Management, Bloomington (855-9758) provides free fire safety training to
all IU employees.
Fire extinguishers in the laboratory should be the
appropriate type for the expected fire emergency. Extinguishers are classified
according to a particular fire type. Type A are used on combustible (wood,
paper rubber, plastic) fires, Type B are used on flammable liquid fires, Type C
are used on energized electrical equipment fires, and Type D are used on
combustible metal (lithium, sodium, magnesium, potassium) fires. Multipurpose
(Type ABC and Type BC) extinguishers are also available. Fire extinguishers
should be easily accessible, mounted properly on a wall, and unobstructed. The
Department of Risk Management inspects fire extinguishers annually. Used fire
extinguishers should be immediately serviced.
6.5 Fire Blankets
Fire blankets are recommended in all laboratories that
use flammable liquids. Fire blankets should be easily accessible and
unobstructed. In the event that a persons body or clothing catches fire,
the person should immediately drop to the floor and roll to help extinguish the
fire (STOP-DROP-and-ROLL method). A fire blanket should be used only as a
last resort to help smother a body or clothing fire. Fire blankets can also be
used to keep shock victims warm.
6.6 Flammable Liquid
Storage Cabinets
Flammable liquids in quantities exceeding a total of
10 gallons in a laboratory must be stored in flammable liquid storage cabinets
or safety cans. Flammable storage cabinets shall be designed to meet NFPA
(National Fire Protection Agency) and Indianas Fire Prevention Code guidelines.
Cabinets are generally made from No. 18 gage sheet steel with double-walled
construction or one-inch exterior grade plywood. Approved cabinets should be
marked in conspicuous lettering FLAMMABLE-KEEP FIRE AWAY. Fire cabinets are
not required to be vented (cabinets are generally vented only if the flammable
liquids generate noxious fumes), but if venting is desired it shall meet NFPA
and Indianas Fire Prevention Code requirements (call the IU Department of Risk
Management at 855-9758 for details on venting requirements). Only flammable
and combustible material should be stored in flammable storage cabinets.
6.7 Safety Cans
A safety can is a container of not more than
five-gallon capacity, having a spring closed lid, spout cover, and flame arrestor
and so designed that it will safely relieve internal pressure. Safety cans
should be UL (Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.) listed and should be compatible
with the chemical that they are to contain.
6.8 Explosion-Proof and
Laboratory-Safe Refrigeration Equipment
The use of domestic refrigeration equipment for the
storage of flammable liquids presents a significant hazard to the laboratory
work area. Refrigerator temperatures are commonly higher than the flash points
of the flammable liquids stored in them. In addition, domestic refrigerators
contain readily available and exposed ignition sources such as thermostats,
lights, and heater strips. Flammable liquids should only be stored in two
types of laboratory refrigerators: explosion-proof and laboratory-safe models.
Explosion-proof refrigeration equipment is designed to protect against ignition
of flammable vapors both inside and outside the refrigerated storage
compartment. Laboratory-safe refrigeration equipment (also called
explosion-safe) is designed to eliminate ignition of vapors on only the inside
of the storage compartment, although other safety design features like
self-closing doors, magnetic door gaskets, and compressors and circuits located
at the top of the refrigeration unit have been incorporated. All flammable
liquids that need to be stored in a cool environment should be stored in these
types of approved refrigerators Containers should be tightly closed to
minimize the amount of vapor released. Every laboratory refrigerator should be
clearly marked to indicate whether or not it is safe for the storage of
flammable liquids. Although not considered optimum protection, it is possible
to modify some domestic refrigerators to hold flammable liquids. Please call
EH&S for more details.
6.9 First Aid Kits
First aid kits should be easily accessible to all
laboratory personnel. First aid kits should be regularly inspected and
restocked as necessary. As a general guideline, first aid kits should contain
adhesive tape, bandages (small and large), pressure bandage compresses,
premoistened cleansing wipes, antiseptic cream/spray, gauze pads, gauze wraps,
latex gloves, and a CPR micro shield. First aid kits can be purchased through
any laboratory safety supply vendor. The IU Office of Environmental Health and
Safety (855-6311) or the IU Department of Risk Management (855-9758) provides
free Red Cross-certified First Aid and CPR training to all IU employees.
6.10 Chemical Spill Kits
Every laboratory that uses hazardous chemicals should
have access to a spill control kit. The keys to an effective spill kit are
location and content. Spill kits should be strategically located around work
areas in fixed spots so they will be easily accessible. In general, a spill
kit should contain absorbent material, appropriate personal protective
equipment, a container for spill residue, and a plastic dustpan and scoop.
Laboratories that use mercury or mercury filled thermometers and manometers
should also have a mercury spill kit available. Once a spill kit has been used
it should be immediately restocked.
Spill kits can be purchased through most vendors that
sell chemicals or safety supplies. In addition, spill kits can be purchased
through the IU Department of Chemistrys Scientific Stores. The following is a
list of recommended items that should be contained in a chemical spill kit.
However, it is important that spill kits be tailored to meet the specific spill
control needs of each laboratory.
Absorbents:
·
Universal Spill Absorbent Material
- 1:1:1 mixture of Flor-Dri ( or unscented kitty litter):Sodium
Bicarbonate:Sand. This all purpose absorbent material is good for most
chemical spills including solvents, acids, and bases.
·
Acid Spill - Sodium Bicarbonate,
Sodium Carbonate, or Calcium Carbonate
·
Alkali (Base) Spill - Sodium
Bisulfate
·
Solvents/Other Organic Liquids -
Inert absorbents such as vermiculite, clay, sand, Flor-Dri, and Oil-Dri
Personal Protective Equipment:
·
Goggles and Face Shield
·
Plastic Vinyl Booties
·
Disposable Coveralls and Apron
·
Disposable Vinyl Gloves and Heavy
Neoprene Gloves
·
Dust Mask/Respirator (All
laboratory personnel must be properly fit tested before using a
respirator. Respirators are personal safety equipment and should not be shared
between laboratory personnel. Contact EH&S for more information.)
Clean-Up Material:
·
Plastic Dust Pan and Scoop
·
Plastic Bags (30 gallon, 3 mil
thick)
·
One empty 5 gallon, plastic bucket
with lid for spill and absorbent residues
Other:
·
Hydrofluoric Acid Antidote Gel -
Calcium Gluconate
·
Mercury Spill Kit
6.11 Portable Safety
Shields
Portable safety shields can provide limited protection
against explosions, fires, and chemical splash hazards. When a hood sash
cannot provide proper shielding, portable safety shields should be used. It
should be noted that portable safety shields do not provide protection on the
sides and back of equipment and therefore work best if used in conjunction with
a fume hood. Laboratory equipment/chemical apparatus should be shielded on all
sides so that there is no line-of-sight exposure to laboratory personnel.
PART 1910OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
Subpart ZToxic and
Hazardous
Substances
Sec.
1910.1000 Air contaminants.
1910.1001 Asbestos.
1910.1002 Coal tar pitch
volatiles; interpretation of term.
1910.1003 13 Carcinogens
(4-Nitrobiphenyl, etc.).
1910.1004 alpha-Naphthylamine.
1910.1005 [Reserved]
1910.1006 Methyl chloromethyl
ether.
1910.1007
3,′Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts).
1910.1008 bis-Chloromethyl
ether.
1910.1009 beta-Naphthylamine.
1910.1010 Benzidine.
1910.1011 4-Aminodiphenyl.
1910.1012 Ethyleneimine.
1910.1013 beta-Propiolactone.
1910.1014
2-Acetylaminofluorene.
1910.1015
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene.
1910.1016
N-Nitrosodimethylamine.
1910.1017 Vinyl chloride.
1910.1018 Inorganic arsenic.
1910.1020 Access to employee exposure and medical
records.
1910.1025 Lead.
1910.1027 Cadmium.
1910.1028 Benzene.
1910.1029 Coke oven emissions.
1910.1030 Bloodborne
pathogens.
1910.1043 Cotton dust.
1910.1044
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane.
1910.1045 Acrylonitrile.
1910.1047 Ethylene oxide.
1910.1048 Formaldehyde.
1910.1050 Methylenedianiline.
1910.1051 1,3Butadiene.
1910.1052 Methylene Chloride.
1910.1096 Ionizing radiation.
1910.1200 Hazard
communication.
1910.1201 Retention of DOT
markings, placards and labels.
1910.1450 Occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals
in laboratories.
Subject Index for 29 CFR Part 1910Occupational Safety and Health Standards
Subpart ZToxic and Hazardous
Substances
Authority: Sections 4, 6, and 8
of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, and
657); Secretary of Labors Order No. 1271 (36 FR 8754), 876 (41 FR 25059),
983 (48 FR 35736), 190 (55 FR 9033), 6 96 (62 FR 111), and 32000 (65 FR
50017), as applicable, and 29 CFR part 1911.
All of subpart Z issued under section 6(b) of the
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C 653), except those
substances that have exposure limits in Tables Z1, Z2, and Z3 of 29 CFR
1910.1000. Section 1910.1000 also issued under section (6)(a) of the Act (29
U.S.C. 655(a)). Section 1910.1000, Tables Z1, Z2, and Z3 also issued under 5
U.S.C. 553, but not under 29 CFR part 1911, except for the inorganic arsenic,
benzene, and cotton dust listings.
Section 1910.1001 also issued under section 107 of the
Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (40 U.S.C. 333) and 5 U.S.C. 553.
Section 1910.1002 also issued under 5 U.S.C. 553, but
not under 29 U.S.C. 655 or 29 CFR part 1911.
Sections 1910.1018, 1910.1029, and 1910.1200 also
issued under 29 U.S.C. 653.
Source: 39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, unless otherwise noted. Redesignated at 40 FR 23072, May 28, 1975.
§
1910.1000 Air contaminants.
An employees exposure to any substance listed in
Tables Z1, Z2, or Z3 of this section shall be limited in accordance with the
requirements of the following paragraphs of this section.
(a) Table Z1(1) Substances with limits
preceded by CCeiling Values. An employees exposure to any substance
in Table Z1, the exposure limit of which is preceded by a C, shall at no
time exceed the exposure limit given for that substance. If instantaneous
monitoring is not feasible, then the ceiling shall be assessed as a 15-minute
time weighted average exposure which shall not be exceeded at any time during
the working day.
(2) Other substances8-hour Time Weighted Averages. An
employees exposure to any substance in Table Z1, the exposure limit of which
is not preceded by a C, shall not exceed the 8-hour Time Weighted Average
given for that substance in any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week.
(b) Table Z2. An employees exposure to any
substance listed in Table Z2 shall not exceed the exposure limits specified as
follows:
(1) 8-hour time weighted averages. An employees
exposure to any substance listed in Table Z2, in any 8-hour work shift of a
40-hour work week, shall not exceed the 8-hour time weighted average limit
given for that substance in Table Z2.
(2) Acceptable ceiling concentrations. An
employees exposure to a substance listed in Table Z2 shall not exceed at any
time during an 8-hour shift the acceptable ceiling concentration limit given
for the substance in the table, except for a time period, and up to a
concentration not exceeding the maximum duration and concentration allowed in
the column under acceptable maximum peak above the acceptable ceiling
concentration for an 8-hour shift.
(3) Example. During an 8-hour work shift, an
employee may be exposed to a concentration of Substance A (with a 10 ppm TWA,
25 ppm ceiling and 50 ppm peak) above 25 ppm (but never above 50 ppm) only for
a maximum period of 10 minutes. Such exposure must be compensated by exposures
to concentrations less than 10 ppm so that the cumulative exposure for the
entire 8-hour work shift does not exceed a weighted average of 10 ppm.
(c) Table Z3. An employees exposure to any
substance listed in Table Z3, in any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week,
shall not exceed the 8-hour time weighted average limit given for that
substance in the table.
(d) Computation formulae. The computation
formula which shall apply to employee exposure to more than one substance for
which 8-hour time weighted averages are listed in subpart Z of 29 CFR part 1910
in order to determine whether an employee is exposed over the regulatory limit
is as follows:
(1)(i) The cumulative exposure for an 8-hour work shift
shall be computed as follows:
E =
(Ca Ta+Cb Tb+. . .Cn Tn)χ8
Where:
E
is the equivalent exposure for the working shift.
C
is the concentration during any period of time T where the concentration
remains constant.
T
is the duration in hours of the exposure at the concentration C.
The
value of E shall not exceed the 8-hour time weighted average specified in
subpart Z of 29 CFR part 1910 for the substance involved.
(ii) To illustrate the formula prescribed in paragraph
(d)(1)(i) of this section, assume that Substance A has an 8-hour time weighted
average limit of 100 ppm noted in Table Z1. Assume that an employee
is subject to the following exposure:
Two
hours exposure at 150 ppm
Two
hours exposure at 75 ppm
Four
hours exposure at 50 ppm
Substituting this information in the formula, we have
(2Χ150+2Χ75+4Χ50)χ8=81.25
ppm
Since 81.25 ppm is less than 100 ppm, the 8- hour time
weighted average limit, the exposure is acceptable.
(2)(i) In case of a mixture of air contaminants an
employer shall compute the equivalent exposure as follows:
Em=(C1χL1+C2χL2)+. . .(CnχLn)
Where:
Em is the equivalent exposure for the mixture.
C
is the concentration of a particular contaminant.
L
is the exposure limit for that substance specified in subpart Z of 29 CFR part
1910.
The
value of Em shall not exceed unity (1).
(ii) To illustrate the formula prescribed in paragraph
(d)(2)(i) of this section, consider the following exposures:
|
Substance
|
Actual con-
centration of
8-hour
exposure
(ppm)
|
8-hour TWA
PEL (ppm)
|
|
B
..
C
..
D
..
|
500
45
40
|
1,000
200
200
|
Substituting in the formula, we have:
Em =500χ1,000+45χ200+40χ200
Em =0.500+0.225+0.200
Em =0.925
Since Em is less than
unity (1), the exposure combination is within acceptable limits.
(e) To achieve compliance with paragraphs (a) through
(d) of this section, administrative or engineering controls must first be
determined and implemented whenever feasible. When such controls are not
feasible to achieve full compliance, protective equipment or any other
protective measures shall be used to keep the exposure of employees to air
contaminants within the limits prescribed in this section. Any equipment and/or
technical measures used for this purpose must be approved for each particular
use by a competent industrial hygienist or other technically qualified person.
Whenever respirators are used, their use shall comply with 1910.134.
(f) Effective dates. The exposure limits
specified have been in effect with the method of compliance specified in paragraph (e) of this
section since May 29, 1971.
TABLE Z1LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
|
Substance
|
CAS No. (c)
|
ppm (a)1
|
mg/m3 (b)1
|
Skin Designation
|
|
Acetaldehyde
.
.
Acetic
acid
.
.
Acetic
anhydride ...................................................
..
Acetone
....................................................................
Acetonitrile
.............................................................
..
2-Acetylaminofluorine;
see 1910.1014 ................................
Acetylene
dichloride; see 1,2-Dichloroethylene.
Acetylene
tetrabromide ...........................................
Acrolein
...............................................................
Acrylamide
............................................................
.
Acrylonitrile;
see 1910.1045 ..................................................
Aldrin
..................................................................
Allyl
alcohol .................................................................
Allyl
chloride ..............................................................
..
Allyl
glycidyl ether (AGE) ............................................
..
Allyl
propyl disulfide ..................................................
.
alpha-Alumina
..........................................................
.
Total dust
....................................................................
.
Respirable fraction
........................................................
Aluminum,
metal (as Al) ............................................
Total dust
.......................................................................
Respirable fraction
........................................................
4-Aminodiphenyl;
see 1910.1011 ..........................................
2-Aminoethanol;
see Ethanolamine.
2-Aminopyridine
.............................................
Ammonia
.........................................................
.
Ammonium
sulfamate ............................................
.
Total dust
....................................................................
.
Respirable fraction
........................................................
n-Amyl acetate
........................................................
..
|
75-07-0
64-19-7
108247
67641
75058
53963
79276
107028
79061
107131
309002
107186
107051
106923
2179591
1344281
7429905
92671
504290
7664417
7773060
628637
|
200
10
5
1000
40
1
0.1
......................
......................
2
1
(C)10
2
......................
......................
......................
......................
0.5
50
......................
......................
100
|
360
25
20
2400
70
14
0.25
0.3
0.25
5
3
(C)45
12
15
5
15
5
2
35
15
5
525
|
X
X
X
|
TABLE Z1LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTSContinued
|
Substance
|
CAS No. (c)
|
ppm (a)1
|
mg/m3 (b)1
|
Skin Designation
|
|
sec-Amyl
acetate .....................................................
..
Aniline
and homologs ............................................
..
Anisidine
(o-, p-isomers) ...........................................
.
Antimony
and compounds (as Sb) ......................................
ANTU
(alpha Naphthylthiourea) .............................................
Arsenic,
inorganic compounds (as As); see 1910.1018 ......
.
Arsenic,
organic compounds (as As) ...................................
.
Arsine
.........................................................
Asbestos;
see 1910.1001 ......................................................
Azinphos-methyl
........................................................
..
Barium,
soluble compounds (as Ba) ...................................
.
Barium
sulfate ...................................................
..
Total dust
....................................................................
.
Respirable fraction
........................................................
Benomyl
........................................................
Total dust
....................................................................
.
Respirable fraction
........................................................
Benzene;
see 1910.1028 ...............................................
..
See Table Z2 for the limits
applicable in the operations or sectors excluded in 1910.1028 d
Benzidine;
see 1910.1010 .....................................................
p-Benzoquinone;
see Quinone.
Benzo(a)pyrene;
see Coal tar pitch volatiles..
Benzoyl
peroxide ............................................................
Benzyl
chloride .............................................................
..
Beryllium
and beryllium compounds (as Be) .......................
.
Biphenyl;
see Diphenyl.
Bismuth
telluride, Undoped ...................................................
Total dust
.......................................................................
Respirable fraction
........................................................
Boron
oxide
.........................................................................
Total dust
.......................................................................
Boron
trifluoride
...................................................................
Bromine
..............................................................................
Bromoform
......................................................................
.
Butadiene (1,3-Butadiene); See 29
CFR 1910.1051; 29 CFR 1910.19(l).
Butanethiol; see Butyl mercaptan.
2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone)
.........................................
2-Butoxyethanol
...................................................................
n-Butyl-acetate
....................................................................
sec-Butyl acetate
.................................................................
tert-Butyl acetate
.................................................................
n-Butyl alcohol
.....................................................................
sec-Butyl alcohol
..................................................................
tert-Butyl alcohol
.................................................................
Butylamine
..........................................................................
tert-Butyl chromate (as CrO3) ...............................................
n-Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE)
..................................................
Butyl mercaptan
..................................................................
p-tert-Butyltoluene
...............................................................
Cadmium (as Cd); see 1910.1027
...................................
.
Calcium carbonate ...............................................................
Total dust
...
...............................................
..
Respirable fraction
......
.......................................
Calcium hydroxide
...........................................
..................
Total dust
...
...............................................
..
Respirable fraction
......
.......................................
Calcium oxide
......................................................................
Calcium silicate
....................................................................
Total dust
...
...............................................
..
Respirable fraction
......
.......................................
Calcium sulfate
.....................
............................................
Total dust
...
...............................................
..
Respirable fraction
......
.......................................
Camphor, synthetic
.......................................................
.
.
Carbaryl (Sevin)
............................................................
.
Carbon black
.......................................................................
Carbon dioxide
....................................................................
Carbon disulfide
...................................................................
Carbon monoxide
.................................................................
|
626380
62533
29191524
7440360
86884
7440382
7440382
7784421
(4)
86500
7440393
7727437
17804352
71432
92875
94360
100447
7440417
1304821
1303862
7637072
7726956
75252
106990
78933
111762
123864
105464
540885
71363
78922
75650
109739
1189851
2426086
109795
98511
7440439
1317653
1305620
1305788
1344952
7778189
76222
63252
1333864
124389
75150
630080
|
125
5
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
0.05
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
1
.....................
.....................
.....................
(C)1
0.1
0.5
1 ppm/5
ppm STEL
200
50
150
200
200
100
150
100
(C)5
............
.......
50
10
10
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
5000
50
|
650
19
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.5
15
5
15
5
5
5
(2)
15
5
15
(C)3
0.7
5
....................
590
240
710
950
950
300
450
300
(C)15
(C)0.1
270
35
60
15
5
15
5
5
15
5
15
5
2
5
3.5
9000
(2)
55
|
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
|
TABLE Z1LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTSContinued
|
Substance
|
CAS No. (c)
|
ppm (a)1
|
mg/m3 (b)1
|
Skin Designation
|
|
Carbon tetrachloride
.............................................................
Cellulose
.............................................................................
Total dust
...
...............................................
..
Respirable fraction
......
.......................................
Chlordane
............................................................................
Chlorinated camphene
..........................................................
Chlorinated diphenyl oxide
.................................................
Chlorine
..............................................................................
Chlorine dioxide
...................................................................
Chlorine trifluoride
...............................................................
Chloroacetaldehyde
..............................................................
a-Chloroacetophenone (Phenacyl
chloride) .....................
..
Chlorobenzene
.....................................................................
o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile
......
................................
Chlorobromomethane
...........................................................
2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene; see
beta-Chloroprene.
Chlorodiphenyl (42% Chlorine)
(PCB) ...........
......................
Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine)
(PCB) .............
....................
1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane; see
Epichlorohydrin.
2-Chloroethanol; see Ethylene
chlorohydrin.
Chloroethylene; see Vinyl
chloride.
Chloroform (Trichloromethane)
.............................................
bis(Chloromethyl) ether; see
1910.1008 ..........
...................
Chloromethyl methyl ether; see
1910.1006 .......
..................
1-Chloro-1-nitropropane
.......................................................
Chloropicrin .........................................................................
beta-Chloroprene
.................................................................
2-Chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)
pyridine .....................................
|