LABORATORY CHEMICAL SAFETY PLAN

Emergency Information...................................................................................................................... iii

Laboratory Safety Personnel Contacts............................................................................................... iv

1.0 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 Regulatory Basis.......................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2 Responsibility for Implementation.................................................................................. 1-1

1.2.1 University Office of Environmental Health and Safety........................................... 1-1

1.2.2 Academic Departments....................................................................................... 1-2

1.2.3 Faculty Members................................................................................................ 1-2

1.2.4 Laboratory Workers........................................................................................... 1-2

1.3 Organization and Content............................................................................................. 1-3

2.0 Control Measures............................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1 Administrative Controls................................................................................................ 2-1

2.1.1 Prior Approval of Hazardous Operations............................................................. 2-1

2.1.2 Laboratory Entrance Signs.................................................................................. 2-2

2.2 Engineering Controls.................................................................................................... 2-3

2.3 Procedural Controls..................................................................................................... 2-3

2.4 Personal Protective Equipment..................................................................................... 2-3

2.4.1 Eye Protection.................................................................................................... 2-3

2.4.2 Face Protection................................................................................................... 2-4

2.4.3 Hand Protection.................................................................................................. 2-4

2.4.4 Foot Protection................................................................................................... 2-4

2.4.5 Body Protection.................................................................................................. 2-4

2.4.6 Respiratory Protection......................................................................................... 2-4

3.0 Standard Operating Procedures......................................................................................... 3-1

3.1 General Laboratory Safety Procedures......................................................................... 3-1

3.2 Procedures for Proper Labeling, Storage, and Management of Chemicals...................... 3-2

3.3 Chemical Fume Hood - Procedures for Proper and Safe Use........................................ 3-4

3.4 Corrosive Chemicals - Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage................................. 3-6

3.5 Flammable and Combustible Liquids - Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage......... 3-7

3.6 Oxidizing Agents - Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage....................................... 3-9

3.7 Reactive Chemicals - Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage................................. 3-10

3.8 Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxins, and Acutely Toxic Chemicals - Procedures

for Safe Handling and Storage.................................................................................... 3-12

3.9 Compressed Gases - Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage................................. 3-14

3.10 Cryogenic Liquids - Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage................................... 3-16

3.11 Electrical Safety Procedures....................................................................................... 3-18

3.12 Glassware and Sharps - Procedures for Safe Handling and Disposal........................... 3-19

3.13 Chemical Spill Response Procedures.......................................................................... 3-20

3.14 Glass Apparatus and Plasticware Assembly................................................................ 3-21

3.15 Solvent Stills - Procedures for Set-Up, Use, and Neutralization................................... 3-24

3.16 Personal Protective Equipment - Procedures for Selection and Use............................. 3-28

4.0 Information and Training.................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1 Required Training Content............................................................................................ 4-1

4.2 Training Resources....................................................................................................... 4-2

4.3 Training Documentation................................................................................................ 4-3

5.0 Medical Consultations and Examinations......................................................................... 5-1

5.1 Examination Criteria..................................................................................................... 5-1

5.2 Information to the Physician.......................................................................................... 5-1

5.3 Physician’s Written Opinion.......................................................................................... 5-1

5.4 Campus Medical Services............................................................................................ 5-2

5.5 Promptcare Urgent Care Clinic..................................................................................... 5-3

6.0 Laboratory Safety Equipment............................................................................................ 6-1

6.1 Chemical Fume Hoods................................................................................................. 6-1

6.2 Safety Showers............................................................................................................ 6-1

6.3 Eyewash Stations......................................................................................................... 6-1

6.4 Fire Extinguishers......................................................................................................... 6-2

6.5 Fire Blankets................................................................................................................ 6-2

6.6 Flammable Liquid Storage Cabinets.............................................................................. 6-2

6.7 Safety Cans................................................................................................................. 6-3

6.8 Explosion-Proof and Laboratory-Safe Refrigeration Equipment..................................... 6-3

6.9 First Aid Kits............................................................................................................... 6-3

6.10 Chemical Spill Kits....................................................................................................... 6-4

6.11 Portable Safety Shields................................................................................................. 6-5

FIGURES

2-1 Laboratory Entrance Sign...................................................................................................... 2-2

APPENDICES

A. OSHA Laboratory Standard................................................................................................. A-1

Air Contaminants (Permissible Exposure Limits)........................................................... A-8

B. Standard Forms

Form LCS-1 EH&S Laboratory Safety Audit.............................................................. B-1

Form LCS-2 Laboratory Safety Review...................................................................... B-2

Form LCS-3 Laboratory Safety Training - Individual Documentation............................ B-3

Form LCS-4 Personal Protective Equipment Hazard Assessment Form ....................... B-4

C. Chemical Lists

Select Carcinogens...................................................................................................... C-1

Reproductive Toxins.................................................................................................. C-11

Acutely Toxic Chemicals........................................................................................... C-12

Chemicals That Can Form Peroxides Upon Aging...................................................... C-13

Chemical Incompatibilities - Partial List...................................................................... C-14

International Building Code (IBC) Maximum Allowable Quantity of Hazardous Chemicals Per Control Area Posing a Physical or Health Hazard...................................................................... C-16

Examples of Liquid & Solid Oxidizer Classifications................................................... C-18

Center for Disease Control (CDC) Select Agents....................................................... C-20

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Biological & Animal Agents......................... C-21

Chemicals that Require Skin Protection...................................................................... C-22

D. Chemical Safety Summaries (MSDSs)

E. Hazardous Waste Management Guide

F. Department/Building Information

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan (LCSP) is a written program for ensuring the safe use of chemicals in laboratories at Indiana University. It describes policies, procedures, and control measures that must be understood and observed by all individuals involved in the laboratory use of chemicals.

1.1 Regulatory Basis

The development and implementation of a Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan (or Chemical Hygiene Plan) is a central requirement of the federal rule entitled “Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories,” more commonly referenced as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) “Lab Standard” (Appendix A contains a copy of the standard). The Lab Standard was published as a “final rule” in the January 31, 1990 issue of the Federal Register and was required to be fully implemented by January 31, 1991. Of particular importance in understanding the applicability of this standard are the definitions it contains for “hazardous chemical,” “laboratory,” “laboratory scale,” and “laboratory use of hazardous chemicals.” From a review of these definitions, it is clear that the Lab Standard applies to essentially all chemical use laboratories at Indiana University. For laboratories that are not covered by the Lab Standard (i.e., those that do not meet the above definitions for hazardous chemical use) or for non-laboratory uses of chemicals, safety issues are typically governed by other state and federal regulations such as OSHA’s “Hazard Communication Standard.” Assistance in determining which regulatory requirements apply to specific work environments is provided by the University Office of Environmental Health and Safety.

1.2 Responsibility for Implementation

It is the policy of Indiana University to support the use of chemicals and other potentially hazardous materials for purposes of research and teaching. At the same time, the University is committed to ensuring the safety of its students, employees, and visitors and to complying with all regulatory requirements which impact its facilities and operations. Toward this end, Indiana University has designated the following specific responsibilities for developing and implementing the Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan.

1.2.1 University Office of Environmental Health and Safety

The University Office of Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S) is an administrative unit under the Vice President for Administration, which has responsibility for the development and implementation of all university programs concerning safety and environmental quality. EH&S developed the Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan and has the primary role in overseeing its implementation. This role is accomplished by EH&S staff through the provision of a range of safety services including project reviews and consultations, formal training sessions, and periodic laboratory audits (see Appendix B, Form LCS-1 EH&S Laboratory Safety Audit)

1.2.2 Academic Departments

The chair of each academic department (or head of each academic unit) is responsible for the safety of all individuals working in the department’s laboratories. The chair fulfills this responsibility, in part, by ensuring that all departmental faculty members understand and take seriously their roles in implementing the Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan. To facilitate this process, each chair must appoint a departmental Laboratory Chemical Safety Officer (LCSO) who will coordinate and monitor the implementation of the LCSP within the department.

1.2.3 Faculty Members

Each faculty member (or principal investigator) is responsible for the safety of individuals working within his or her laboratories. Toward this end, faculty members must work with the respective departmental Laboratory Chemical Safety Officer to adapt and implement the provisions of the Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan. This includes ensuring that each individual working within the lab is provided with appropriate training on safety and regulatory requirements; that required safety equipment and personal protective devices are provided, maintained, and used; that specific standard operating procedures incorporating safety considerations are developed and observed; and that prompt action is taken to correct any unsafe acts or conditions which have been observed or reported.

1.2.4 Laboratory Workers

Each laboratory worker is responsible for implementing the requirements of the Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan. This includes participating in required training, utilizing appropriate safety equipment and personal protection devices and apparel, observing standard operating procedures, and informing the supervisor (i.e., principal investigator or lab supervisor) of any accidents or unsafe conditions.

PROCEDURES FOR PROPER LABELING, STORAGE, AND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS

Proper chemical labeling and storage is essential for a safe laboratory work environment. Inappropriate storage of incompatible or unknown chemicals can lead to spontaneous fire and explosions with the associated release of toxic gases. To minimize these hazards, chemicals in the laboratory must be segregated properly. The storage procedures listed below are not intended to be all-inclusive but should serve instead, to supplement more specific procedures and recommendations obtained from container labels, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), and other chemical reference material. For more information about chemical storage contact the University Office of Environmental Health and Safety (855-6311).

LABELING

· Manufacturer chemical labels should never be removed or defaced until the chemical is completely used.

· All chemical and waste containers should be clearly labeled with the full chemical name(s) (no abbreviations or formulas) and appropriate hazard warning information. Small containers that are difficult to label such as 1-10 ml vials and test tubes can be labeled as a group and stored together. Unattended beakers, flasks, and other laboratory equipment containing chemicals used during an experiment should be labeled with the full chemical name(s).

· All chemicals should be labeled with the “date received” and “date opened.”

· All hazardous waste containers must be labeled with the words “hazardous waste.”

· All hazardous waste containers must be marked with an accumulation date. The accumulation date represents the date that the container becomes full (waste containers should NOT be filled to more than 90% of their capacity). All full waste containers should be disposed of promptly.

· All chemical storage areas such as cabinets, shelves and refrigerators should be labeled to identify the hazardous nature of the chemicals stored within the area (e.g., flammables, corrosives, oxidizers, water reactives, toxics, carcinogens, and reproductive toxins). All signs should be legible and conspicuously placed.

STORAGE

HAZARD GROUPS

° Flammable/Combustible Liquid ° Unstable (Shock-sensitive, Explosive)

° Flammable Solids ° Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxins

° Inorganic Acids ° Toxic, Poisonous

° Oxidizing Acids (Nitric, etc.) ° Non-Toxic

° Organic Acids ° Gases

° Caustics (Bases) - Toxic

° Oxidizers - Flammable

° Water Reactives - Oxidizers and Inert

° Air Reactives - Corrosive

PROCEDURES FOR PROPER LABELING, STORAGE, AND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS

(continued)

· A definite storage place should be provided for each chemical and the chemical should be returned to that location after each use.

· Chemical containers should be in good condition before they are stored. Containers should be managed to prevent leaks.

· The Uniform Building Code¹, the Uniform Fire Code², the International Building Code³ and International Fire Code⁴ limit the maximum quantities of chemicals that can be in storage and use in laboratories. Laboratories constructed prior to 2003 must comply with the requirements of the Uniform Building and Fire Codes. Laboratories constructed during or after 2003 must comply with the requirements of the International Building and Fire Codes. These codes place specific requirements on storage facilities for highly toxic gasses and organic peroxides. Please refer to the table of maximum allowable quantities found in Appendix C.

· Chemicals (including waste) should be separated and stored according to their hazard group and specific chemical incompatibilities. Chemicals within the same hazard group can be incompatible and therefore it is important to review the chemical label and MSDS to determine the specific storage requirements and possible incompatibilities. Appendix C contains a partial list of incompatible chemicals.

· Special attention should be given to the storage of chemicals that can be classified into two or more hazard groups. For example, acetic acid and acetic anhydride are both corrosive and flammable. In addition, perchloric acid is both corrosive and a strong oxidizer. Refer to the MSDS for proper storage procedures.

· Chemicals should be separated by distance. Physical barriers such as storage cabinets and secondary containers should be used to prohibit contact of incompatible chemicals in the event that they are accidentally released or spilled.

· Secondary containers are highly recommended for the storage of liquid chemicals. Secondary containers should be made of a material that is compatible with the chemical(s) it will hold and should be large enough to contain the contents of the largest container.

· Liquid chemicals should not be stored above dry chemicals unless they are stored in secondary containers.

· Storage of chemicals within hoods and on bench tops should be avoided.

· Stored chemicals should not be exposed to heat or direct sunlight.

· Storage shelves and cabinets should be secure to prevent tipping. Shelving should contain a front-edge lip or doors to prevent containers from falling.

· Flammable and corrosive storage cabinets should be used when possible.

· Flammable liquids in quantities exceeding a total of 10 gallons in each laboratory must be stored in an approved flammable storage cabinet.

· Only explosion-proof or laboratory-safe refrigerators may be used to store flammable liquids.

· Liquid chemicals should be stored below eye level to avoid accidental spills.

· Chemicals should not be stored in areas where they can be accidentally broken and spilled such as on the floor or on the edge of a bench top.

· Chemicals should not be stored in areas where they obstruct aisles, exits, and emergency equipment.

PROCEDURES FOR PROPER LABELING, STORAGE, AND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS

(continued)

CHEMICAL INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

All chemicals should be inventoried especially high risk chemicals. Inventories provide a method of tracking chemicals for ordering and re-ordering, waste disposal, compliance with building and fire codes, hazard communication, community right-to-know requirements, and to track dangerous chemicals for safety and security reasons. Inventories should contain all pertinent information including the chemical name and quantity, hazard class, manufacturer, product number, receiving date, expiration date, and more. Expiration dates are of particular importance for time-sensitive chemicals that can become dangerous with age. Several noteworthy time sensitive laboratory chemicals include:

• Chemicals that form peroxides.

• Picric acid and other multi-nitro aromatics.

• Chloroform.

• Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen bromide.

• Liquid hydrogen cyanide.

• Formic acid.

• Alkali metals (K, Na, Li).

Some common organic solvents can undergo autoxidation producing unstable and dangerous organic peroxides and hydroperoxides. See Section 3.7 Reactive Chemicals and the table of Peroxide Forming Chemicals in Appendix C.

Picric acid (C₆H₃N₃O₇and other multi-nitro aromatics) can be extremely dangerous if allowed to dry. Picric acid with a moisture content of greater than 30% is considered a flammable solid by the Department of Transportation (DOT). Picric acid with a moisture content of less than 30% is considered a Class 1.1D explosive by DOT and is very shock sensitive. DO NOT OPEN OR MOVE a container of dry picric acid.

Chloroform (CHCl₃) reacts with air to form phosgene gas (CCl₂O) which has a very low IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health) value of 2 parts per million. Always open chloroform in a fume hood.

Formic acid (90-100% CH₂O₂) decomposes to form carbon monoxide and water (CO + H₂O). Greater than 100 psi can develop with prolonged storage of 1 year or greater which is sufficient to break a sealed glass container. Vent containers frequently and read the product literature. Some have pressure relief caps and some Material Safety Data Sheets may recommend refrigeration.

Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (and hydrogen bromide) are a liquid phase above 15 psi. Stored in carbon steel cylinders (lecture bottles) they can react with the steel to form iron fluoride and hydrogen gas. Lecture bottles have a typical working pressure of 1800 psi and these chemicals have a 2 yr shelf life. Several anhydrous hydrogen fluoride cylinders have failed (> 2,400 psi) after 14-24 years of storage although there have been no reported problems with hydrogen bromide.

PROCEDURES FOR PROPER LABELING, STORAGE, AND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS

(continued)

Liquid hydrogen cyanide (CHN) is a liquid that boils at 26^o C and is stored in low pressure cylinders. With no stabilizer (1% sulfuric acid) present polymerization can occur plus the production of ammonia which also helps catalyze the process. A crust can form on the liquid that, when jarred, can break off and fall into the liquid causing rapid exothermic polymerization and rupture of the cylinder causing fragmentation and release of this acutely toxic gas.

The alkali metals (Li, Na, K, and NaK alloys) can react with dissolved oxygen when stored under mineral oil to form oxides and superoxides that can catch fire upon cutting. The oxidation forms a yellow or orange crust or coating. Lithium stored under nitrogen can form nitrides and the formation of the nitride is autocatalytic and can eventually autoignite.

To manage time sensitive chemicals implement the following procedures:

Acquisition control.

• Do not hoard time sensitive chemicals.

• Do not over purchase quantities.

• Use just in time purchasing whenever possible.

• Dispose of unused portions.

Research the literature and MSDS information.

• Define storage conditions.

• Never store lithium under nitrogen.

• Consider refrigeration requirements or other storage options.

• Consider chemical incompatibilities.

Define “unsafe” conditions such as:

• Peroxide concentrations greater than 100 ppm.

• Dry picric acid.

• Expiration dates.

Track Time Sensitive Chemicals.

• Maintain an accurate chemical inventory and check expiration dates regularly.

• Define inspection interval for each chemical.

• Log the date of inspection and re-inspect without fail.

Manage Expired or “Unsafe” Chemicals.

• Never place chemicals where they will become lost or forgotten.

• Do NOT touch lost time sensitive chemicals. Call EH&S immediately (855-6311).

References: 1. Uniform Building Code, 1997, Section 307, Requirements for Group H Occupancies.

2. Uniform Fire Code, 1997, Article 80, Hazardous Materials.

3. International Building Code, 2000, Section 307, High-Hazard Group H

4. International Fire Code, 2000, Chapter 27, Hazardous Materials-General Provisions

5. Bailey, J., Blair, D., Boada-Clista, L., Marsick, D., Quigley, D., Simmons, F., Whyte, H., Management of Time Sensitive Chemicals, Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, p. 14-17, Vol. 11, No. 5, September/October 2004.

CHEMICAL FUME HOODS

PROCEDURES FOR PROPER AND SAFE USE

Chemical fume hoods are one of the most important items of safety equipment present within the laboratory. Chemical fume hoods serve to control the accumulation of toxic, flammable, and offensive vapors by preventing their escape into the laboratory atmosphere. In addition, fume hoods provide physical isolation and containment of chemicals and their reactions and thus serve as a protective barrier (with the sash closed) between laboratory personnel and the chemical or chemical process within the hood.

· A chemical fume hood should be used for any chemical procedures that have the potential of creating:

1. Airborne chemical concentrations that might approach Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulated substance. These substances include carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens, and other toxics (see Appendix A and C).

2. Flammable/combustible vapors approaching one tenth the lower explosion limit (LEL). The LEL is the minimum concentration (percent by volume) of the fuel (vapor) in air at which a flame is propagated when an ignition source is present.

3. Explosion or fire hazards.

4. Odors that are annoying to personnel within the laboratory or adjacent laboratory/office units.

· The hood sash opening should be kept to a minimum while the hood is used. When working with hazardous chemicals, the hood sash should be positioned so that it acts as a protective barrier between laboratory personnel and the chemicals.

· Hood baffles or slots should be positioned properly. The top baffle/slot should be opened when chemicals with a vapor density of less than 1 (lighter than air) are used. The bottom baffle/slot should be opened when chemicals with vapor densities greater than 1 (heavier than air) are used.

· Chemicals and equipment (apparatus, instruments, etc.) should be placed at least 6 inches (15 cm) from the front edge of the hood.

· Equipment should be placed as far back in the hood as practical without blocking the baffles. Separate and elevate equipment by using blocks to ensure that air can flow easily around and under the equipment.

· Chemical fume hoods should be kept clean and free from unnecessary items and debris at all times. Solid material (paper, tissue, aluminum foil, etc.) should be kept from obstructing the rear baffles and from entering the exhaust ducts of the hood.

· Minimize the amount of bottles, beakers and equipment used and stored inside the hood because these items interfere with the airflow across the work surface of the hood.

· Chemicals should not be stored in a hood because they will likely become involved if there is an accidental spill, fire or explosion in the hood, thus creating a more serious problem.

· Sliding horizontal sash windows should not be removed from the hood sash.

· Laboratory personnel should not extend their head inside the hood when operations are in progress.

CHEMICAL FUME HOODS

PROCEDURES FOR PROPER AND SAFE USE

(continued)

· The hood should not be used for waste disposal (evaporation).

· Hoods should be monitored daily by the user to ensure that air is moving into the hood. A strip of tissue taped to the hood sash will indicate if the hood is pulling air. Any hoods that are not working properly should be taken out of service and reported to the University Office of Environmental Health and Safety (855-6311). EH&S is responsible for inspecting chemical fume hoods annually.

· Perchloric acid must not be used in a regular chemical fume hood. Specially designed Perchloric Acid Fume Hoods must be utilized for this purpose. Call EH&S for more information.

FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS

PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE

Chemicals which exist, at ambient temperatures, in a liquid form with sufficient vapor pressure to ignite in the presence of an ignition source are called flammable or combustible liquids (note that the flammable/combustible liquid itself does not burn; it is the vapor from the liquid that burns). “Flammables” generate sufficient vapor at temperatures below 100 ^o F (37.8 ^oC), whereas “Combustibles” generate sufficient vapor at temperatures at or above 100 ^oF. Invisible vapor trails from these liquids can reach remote ignition sources causing flashback fires. In addition, these liquids become increasingly hazardous at elevated temperatures due to more rapid vaporization. For these reasons, precautionary measures must be observed when handling and storing flammables and combustibles.

CLASSIFICATION

Classification Flash Point ¹ Boiling Point

Flammable Liquid

Class IA <73 ^oF (22.8 ^oC) < 100 ^oF (37.8 ^oC)

Class IB <73 ^oF ³100 ^oF

Class IC ³73 ^oF and <100 ^oF -----

Combustible Liquid

Class II ³100 ^oF and < 140 ^oF (60 ^oC) -----

Class IIIA ³140 ^oF and < 200 ^oF (93 ^oC) -----

¹The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of a liquid.

HANDLING

· Appropriate personal protective equipment (gloves, lab coat, and safety goggles) should be worn when working with flammable/combustible liquids.

· Flammable/combustible liquids should never be heated using open flames. Preferred heat sources include steam baths, water baths, oil baths, hot air baths, and heating mantels.

· Ignition sources should be eliminated in areas where flammable vapors may be present.

· Flammable/combustible liquids should only be dispensed under a fume hood. Ventilation is one of the most effective ways to prevent the formation and concentration of flammable vapors.

· When pouring from containers of 1 gallon (3.8 liters) or greater capacity, make sure both containers involved are electrically interconnected by bonding to each other and to a ground. The friction of flowing liquid may be sufficient to generate static electricity, which in turn may discharge, causing a spark and ignition.

FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS

PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE

(continued)

· Flammable/combustible liquids in containers larger than 1 gallon (3.8 liters) should be transferred to smaller containers that can be easily manipulated by one person.

· Appropriate fire extinguishers should be available in areas where flammables are used.

STORAGE

· Flammable/combustible liquid in quantities exceeding a total of 10 gallons (38 liters) within a laboratory should be stored in approved flammable storage cabinets or safety cans.

· Flammable/combustible liquid stored outside of flammable storage cabinets in the laboratory should be kept to the minimum necessary for the work being done.

· Containers larger than 5 gallons (19 liters) shall not be stored in the laboratory.

· Flammable/combustible liquid stored in glass containers shall not exceed 1 gallon (3.8 liters).

· Flammable storage cabinets and safety cans should not be altered or modified unless specified by Indiana’s Fire Prevention Code/National Fire Protection Agency guidelines.

· Flammable/combustible liquids should only be stored in explosion-proof or laboratory-safe refrigeration equipment.

· Flammable/combustible liquid containers filled or empty should not be stored in hallways or obstructing exits.

· Waste flammable/combustible liquids should be stored in safety cans.

· Flammables and combustibles should not be stored near oxidizers, corrosives, combustible material, or near heat sources. Make sure all chemicals stored near flammable and combustibles are compatible.

COMPRESSED GASES

PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE

In general, a compressed gas is any material contained under pressure that is dissolved or liquefied by compression or refrigeration. Compressed gas cylinders should be handled as high-energy sources and therefore as potential explosives and projectiles. Prudent safety practices should be followed when handling compressed gases since they expose workers to both chemical and physical hazards.

HANDLING

· Safety glasses with side shields (or safety goggles) and other appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn when working with compressed gases.

· Cylinders should be marked with a label that clearly identifies the contents.

· All cylinders should be checked for damage prior to use. Do not repair damaged cylinders or valves. Damaged or defective cylinders, valves, etc., should be taken out of use immediately and returned to the manufacturer/distributor for repair.

· All gas cylinders (full or empty) should be rigidly secured to a substantial structure at 2/3 height. Only two cylinders per restraint are allowed in the laboratory and only soldered link chains or belts with buckles are acceptable. Cylinder stands are also acceptable but not preferred.

· Handcarts shall be used when moving gas cylinders. Cylinders must be chained to the carts.

· All cylinders must be fitted with safety valve covers before they are moved.

· Only three-wheeled or four-wheeled carts should be used to move cylinders.

· A pressure-regulating device shall be used at all times to control the flow of gas from the cylinder.

· The main cylinder valve shall be the only means by which gas flow is to be shut off. The correct position for the main valve is all the way on or all the way off.

· Cylinder valves should never be lubricated, modified, forced, or tampered.

· After connecting a cylinder, check for leaks at connections. Periodically check for leaks while the cylinder is in use.

· Regulators and valves should be tightened firmly with the proper size wrench. Do not use adjustable wrenches or pliers because they may damage the nuts.

· Cylinders should not be placed near heat or where they can become part of an electrical circuit.

· Cylinders should not be exposed to temperatures above 50 ^oC (122 ^oF). Some rupture devices on cylinders will release at about 65 ^oC (149 ^oF). Some small cylinders, such as lecture bottles, are not fitted with rupture devices and may explode if exposed to high temperatures.

· Rapid release of a compressed gas should be avoided because it will cause an unsecured gas hose to whip dangerously and also may build up enough static charge to ignite a flammable gas.

· Appropriate regulators should be used on each gas cylinder. Threads and the configuration of valve outlets are different for each family of gases to avoid improper use. Adaptors and homemade modifications are prohibited.

· Cylinders should never be bled completely empty. Leave a slight pressure to keep contaminants out.

COMPRESSED GASES

PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE

(continued)

STORAGE

· When not in use cylinders should be stored with their main valve closed and the valve safety cap in place.

· Cylinders must be stored upright and not on their side. All cylinders should be secured.

· Cylinders awaiting use should be stored according to their hazard classes.

· Cylinders should not be located where objects may strike or fall on them.

· Cylinders should not be stored in damp areas or near salt, corrosive chemicals, chemical vapors, heat, or direct sunlight. Cylinders stored outside should be protected from the weather.

SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

Flammable Gases

· No more than two cylinders should be manifolded together; however several instruments or outlets are permitted for a single cylinder.

· Valves on flammable gas cylinders should be shut off when the laboratory is unattended and no experimental process is in progress.

· Flames involving a highly flammable gas should not be extinguished until the source of the gas has been safely shut off; otherwise it can reignite causing an explosion.

Acetylene Gas Cylinders

· Acetylene cylinders must always be stored upright. They contain acetone, which can discharge instead of or along with acetylene. Do not use an acetylene cylinder that has been stored or handled in a nonupright position until it has remained in an upright position for at least 30 minutes.

· The outlet line of an acetylene cylinder must be protected by a flame arrestor.

· Compatible tubing should be used to transport gaseous acetylene. Some tubing like copper forms explosive acetylides.

Lecture Bottles

· All lecture bottles should be marked with a label that clearly identifies the contents.

· Lecture bottles should be stored according to their hazard classes.

· Lecture bottles, which contain toxic gases, should be stored in a ventilated cabinet.

· Lecture bottles should be stored in a secure place to eliminate them from rolling or falling.

· Lecture bottles should not be stored near corrosives, heat, direct sunlight, or in damp areas.

· To avoid costly disposal fees, lecture bottles should only be purchased from suppliers that will accept returned bottles (full or empty). Contact the supplier before purchasing lecture bottles to ensure that they have a return policy.

· Lecture bottles should be dated upon initial use. It is advised that bottles be sent back to the supplier after one year to avoid accumulation of old bottles.

CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS

PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE

Cryogenic liquids are liquefied gases having boiling points of less than -73.3 ^oC (-100 ^oF). The primary hazards of cryogenic liquids include both physical hazards such as fire, explosion, and pressure buildup and health hazards such as severe frostbite and asphyxiation. Potential fire or explosion hazards exist because cryogenic liquids are capable, under the right conditions, of condensing oxygen from the atmosphere. This oxygen-rich environment in combination with flammable/combustible materials, and an ignition source are particularly hazardous. Pressure is also a hazard because of the large volume expansion ratio from liquid to gas that a cryogen exhibits as it warms and the liquid evaporates. This expansion ratio also makes cryogenic liquids more prone to splash and therefore skin and eye contact is more likely to occur. Contact with living tissue can cause frostbite or thermal burns, and prolonged contact can cause blood clots that have very serious consequences. All laboratory personnel should follow prudent safety practices when handling and storing cryogenic liquids.

PROPERTIES OF COMMON CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS

Gas Boiling Point (^oC) Volume Expansion Ratio

Helium -269 757-1

Hydrogen -252.7 851-1

Nitrogen -195.8 696-1

Fluorine -187.0 888-1

Argon -185.7 847-1

Oxygen -183.0 860-1

Methane -161.4 578-1

HANDLING

· Appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn when handling cryogenic liquids. This includes special cryogen gloves, safety goggles, full face shield, impervious apron or coat, long pants, and high topped shoes. Gloves should be impervious and sufficiently large to be readily removed should a cryogen be spilled. Watches, rings, and other jewelry should NOT be worn.

· Unprotected body parts should not come in contact with vessels or pipes that contain cryogenic liquids because extremely cold material may bond firmly to the skin and tear flesh if separation is attempted.

· Objects that are in contact with cryogenic liquid should be handled with tongs or proper gloves.

· All precautions should be taken to keep liquid oxygen from organic materials; spills on oxidizable surfaces can be hazardous.

· All equipment should be kept clean, especially when working with liquid or gaseous oxygen.

· Work areas should be well ventilated.

· Transfers or pouring of cryogenic liquid should be done very slowly to minimize boiling and splashing.

CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS

PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE

(continued)

· Cryogenic liquids and dry ice used as refrigerant baths should be open to the atmosphere. They should never be in a closed system where they may develop uncontrolled or dangerously high pressure.

· Liquid hydrogen should not be transferred in an air atmosphere because oxygen from the air can condense in the liquid hydrogen presenting a possible explosion risk.

STORAGE

· Cryogenic liquids should be handled and stored in containers that are designed for the pressure and temperature to which they may be subjected. The most common container for cryogenic liquids is a double-walled, evacuated container known as a dewar flask.

· Containers and systems containing cryogenic liquids should have pressure relief mechanisms.

· Cylinders and other pressure vessels such as dewar flasks used for the storage of cryogenic liquids should not be filled more than 80% of capacity, to protect against possible thermal expansion of the contents and bursting of the vessel by hydrostatic pressure. If the possibility exists that the temperature of the cylinder may increase to above 30 ^oC (86 ^oF), a lower percentage (i.e., 60 percent capacity) should be the limit.

· Dewar flasks should be shielded with tape or wire mesh to minimize flying glass and fragments should an implosion occur.

· Dewar flasks should be labeled with the full cryogenic liquid name and hazard warning information.

GLASS APPARATUS AND PLASTICWARE ASSEMBLY

Borosilicate glassware is recommended for all laboratory glassware except for special experiments that use ultra violet (UV) or other light sources. The only soft glass provided in the laboratory should be reagent bottles, measuring equipment, stirring rods, and tubing.

Any glass equipment to be evacuated, such as suction flasks, should be specially designed with heavy walls. Dewar flasks and large vacuum vessels should be taped or otherwise screened or contained in a metal jacket to prevent flying glass in the case of an implosion. Household Thermos bottles have thin walls and are not acceptable substitutes for laboratory Dewar flasks.

PREPARATION OF GLASS TUBING AND STOPPERS

To cut glass tubing:

Hold the tubing against a firm support and make one quick firm stroke with a sharp triangular file or glass cutter long enough to extend approximately one-third round the circumference.
Cover the tubing with cloth and hold the tubing in both hands, away from the body.
Place the thumbs on the tubing opposite the nick 2 to 3 cm (1 in.) apart and extended toward each other.
Push out on the tubing with the thumbs as you pull the sections apart, but do not deliberately bend the glass with the hands.

If the tubing does not readily pull apart, the nick probably is too shallow or rounded, make a fresh sharp file scratch in the same place and repeat the operation. Avoid accidental contact of the tubing with a nearby person by standing with your back toward a wall or lab bench.

All glass tubing and rods, including stirring rods, should be fire polished before use. Unpolished cut glass has a razor-like edge, which not only can lacerate the skin, but will also cut into a stopper or rubber hose, making it difficult to insert the glass properly; After polishing or bending glass, allow ample time for it to cool before grasping it.

To drill a stopper:

Use only a sharp borer one size smaller than that which will just slip over the glass tube.
Lubricate rubber stoppers with water or glycerol.
Bore the hole by slicing through the stopper, twisting with moderate forward pressure, grasping the stopper only with the fingers, and keeping the hand away from the back of the stopper.
Keep the index finger of the drilling hand against the barrel of the borer and close to the stopper to stop the borer when it breaks through.
It is preferable to drill only part way through and then finish by drilling from the opposite side. Discard a stopper if a hole is irregular or does not fit the inserted tube snugly, if it is cracked, or if it leaks.
Corks should have been previously softened by rolling and kneading. Rubber or cork stoppers should fit into a joint so that one-third to one-half of the stopper is inserted.

GLASS APPARATUS AND PLASTICWARE ASSEMBLY

(continued)

When available, glassware with ground joints is preferable. Glass stoppers and joints should be clean, dry and lightly lubricated.

INSERTION OF GLASS TUBES OR RODS INTO STOPPERS OR FLEXIBLE TUBING

To insert glass tubes into stoppers or flexible tubing:

Make sure the diameter of the tube or rod is compatible with the diameter of the hose or stopper.
If not already fire polished, fire polish the end of the glass to be inserted; let it cool.
Lubricate the glass. Water may be sufficient but glycerol is a better lubricant.
Wear heavy gloves or wrap layers of cloth around the glass and protect the other hand by holding the hose or stopper with a layered cloth pad.
Hold the glass rod or tube near the end to be inserted, not more than 5 cm (2 in) from the end.
Insert the glass with a slight twisting motion, avoiding too much pressure and torque.
If necessary, use a cork borer as a sleeve for insertion of glass tubes.
Substitute a piece of metal tubing for glass tubing if possible.

· Remove stuck tubes by slitting the hose or stopper with a sharp knife.

APPARATUS ASSEMBLY

The following recommendations will help make apparatus assembly easier, safer, and avoid equipment failure during use:

Keep your workspace free of clutter.
Set up clean, dry apparatus, firmly clamped and well back from the edge of the lab bench or hood with due regard to the proximity of reagent bottles to burners and to other workers and their equipment. Choose sizes that can properly accommodate the operation to be performed, allowing 20% free space at the minimum.
Use only equipment that is free from flaws such as cracks, chips, frayed wire, and obvious defects. Glassware can be examined in polarized light for stains. Even the smallest chip or crack renders glassware unusable; chipped or cracked ware should be repaired or discarded.
A properly placed pan under a reaction vessel or container will act as a secondary containment to confine spilled liquids in the event of glass breakage.
Addition and separatory funnels should be properly supported and oriented so that the stopcock will not be loosened by gravity. A retainer ring should be used on the stopcock plug. Glass stopcocks should be freshly lubricated. Teflon stopcocks should not need lubrication.
Condensers should be properly supported with securely positioned clamps. The attached water hoses must be secured to the glass fittings with wire or appropriate hose clamps.

GLASS APPARATUS AND PLASTICWARE ASSEMBLY

(continued)

Stirrer motors and vessels should be secured to maintain proper alignment. Magnetic stirring is preferable.

Apparatus attached to a ring stand should be positioned so that the center of gravity of the system is over the base and not to one side. There should be adequate provision for removing burners or baths quickly. Standards bearing heavy loads should be firmly attached to the bench top. Equipment racks should be securely anchored at the top and bottom.

OPERATIONAL PRECAUTIONS

The following precautions should be considered prior to assembly and during operation of the apparatus.

When working with flammable gases or liquids, do not allow burners or other ignition sources in the vicinity. Use appropriate traps, condensers, or scrubbers to minimize release of vapors to the environment. If a hot plate is used, ensure that the temperatures of all exposed surfaces are less than the autoignition temperature of the chemicals likely to be released and that the temperature control device and the stirring or ventilating motors do not spark
Only non-sparking motors or pneumatic motors should be used in chemical laboratories.
Whenever possible, use controlled electrical heaters or steam in place of gas burners.
Inspect power cords for chemical or physical damage by unplugging the equipment then bend the cord to look for cracks in the insulation. Be sure to check carefully and close to the point where the power cord enters the housing.
Apparatus, equipment, or chemical bottles should not be placed on the floor.
Never heat a closed container. Provide a vent as part of the apparatus for chemicals that are to be heated. Prior to heating a liquid, place boiling stones in unstirred vessels (except test tubes). If a burner is to be used, distribute the heat with a ceramic-centered wire gauze. Use a thermometer with its bulb in the boiling liquid if there is the possibility of a dangerous exothermic decomposition as in some distillations. This will provide a warning and may allow time to remove the heat and apply external cooling. The setup should allow for fast removal of heat.
Whenever hazardous gases or fumes are likely to be evolved, an appropriate gas trap should be used and the operation confined to a fume hood.
Fume hoods are recommended for all operations in which toxic or flammable vapors are evolved as in many distillations. Most vapors have a density greater than that of air and will settle on a bench top or floor where they may diffuse to a distant burner or ignition source. These vapors will roll out over astonishingly long distances and, if flammable, an ignition can cause a flash back to the source of the vapors. Once diluted with significant amounts of air, vapors move in air essentially as air itself.
Use a hood when working with a system under reduced pressure (which may implode). Close the sash to provide a shield. If a hood is not available, use a standing shield. Shields that can be knocked over must be stabilized with weights or fasteners. Standing shields are preferably secured near the top. Proper eye and face protection must be worn even when using the shields or hood.

SOLVENT STILLS

PROCEDURES FOR SET-UP, USE, AND NEUTRALIZATION

Although the procedures for purifying laboratory chemicals are inherently safe, care must be exercised if hazards are to be avoided. Solvent distillation equipment in which flammable liquids are purified by distillation with reactive metals or metal hydrides such as Na, K, CaH₂, or LiAlH₄ are possibly the greatest danger in any organic chemistry laboratory. The potential fire and explosion hazards associated with the combination of air- and/or water-reactive metals with large amounts of organic solvents are great and the effects on personnel and equipment can be catastrophic. The chances of personnel escaping such an incident unharmed are very low. Consider using alternative solvent purification systems and methods before proceeding. (See column purification method below for a procedure that avoids all heat and distillation.)

SET-UP AND OPERATION

1. Use proper personal protective equipment (gloves, safety glasses, and lab coat) while operating a distillation unit.

2. Any solvent stills containing reactive metals should be located in a fume-hood.

3. After set up and before start up get prior approval and a final equipment check from the principal investigator or an approved competent person.

4. The total volume of solvent used in these stills shall be kept to a minimum [BUT they should never be allowed to go “dry”.] Their useful working volume is ¼ to 2/3 of filled capacity.

5. Stills should be operated under an inert gas atmosphere of nitrogen or argon.

6. Several types of drying agents can be used:

a) Na, K, or Na/K must never be used for solvents containing C-Cl or O-H bonds.

b) Because of their pyrophoric nature (possible spontaneous ignition upon contact with air) the use of sodium/potassium alloys (NaK), which are liquids at ambient temperature should be avoided. Solvent flasks containing LiAlH₄ must never be heated. As a drying agent LiAlH₄ is therefore only suitable for non-reducible solvents that can be obtained pure by flask-to-flask vacuum-transfer at ambient temperature.

c) The use of potassium alone is recommended for THF only – in these solvents the metal will melt providing a fresh & reactive surface. Be aware that it is much more reactive than sodium, especially when quenching a solvent still (see below).

d) The use of sodium alone is recommended for diethyl ether and all other hydrocarbons such as toluene, benzene, pentane, hexane, heptane, etc.

e) Calcium hydride is recommended for methylene chloride and other halogenated solvents.

f) Magnesium/Iodine is recommended for methanol and ethanol.

g) For all high boiling solvents the use of 4 Å molecular sieves (activated by heating under full dynamic vacuum overnight) is recommended.

SOLVENT STILLS

PROCEDURES FOR SET-UP, USE, AND NEUTRALIZATION

(continued)

7. Solvent stills should never be left running (i.e., being heated to reflux) while unattended – especially not overnight.

8. Stills should be deactivated and restarted with all fresh solvent and drying agents on a regular basis to avoid buildup of metal hydroxides and benzophenone “cakes” that would impair stirring necessary during deactivation.

9. To deactivate a solvent still containing reactive metals follow the procedure below for deactivation and neutralization.

Reference: Armarego, W.L.F., Perrin, D.D., Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, Fourth Edition, 1998.

Deactivation and NEUTRALIZATION

Please read and follow these procedures carefully. This procedure can be dangerous and requires plenty of time to complete. Do not rush the process. Only properly trained persons are to perform this procedure.

1. Notify other laboratory occupants and your supervisor of your intent to perform this procedure. Do not perform this procedure "after-hours".

2. Wear a lab coat, safety glasses, face shield, and gloves. Orient yourself with the location of the nearest emergency shower, fire blanket, and exit. Have a dry-chemical fire extinguisher available.

3. Inspect the still flask. The still flask should not be more than 1/5 full and the mixture must be stirring freely using a magnetic stir bar. If it is not, carefully attempt to break up any solid deposits in the flask using a large spatula. If this does not work, seek assistance from your supervisor.

4. In a fume hood cleared of all other reactions and equipment, set up a reaction apparatus as illustrated in the attached scheme. Securely clamp the still flask and all other parts of the apparatus to a sturdy lab-stand or support rod.

5. Make sure that there is an ample supply of nitrogen or argon that will last at least 24 hours with a slow rate of bubbling and establish that both nitrogen/argon and cooling water are flowing at a reasonable rate with the hose connections to the condenser secured by copper wire or similar.

6. If the solvent still contains sodium or potassium:

a)With stirring, slowly add an equal volume of toluene or preferably xylene to the flask (see attached figure) while maintaining a slight counter-flow of nitrogen or argon through the apparatus. The counter-flow should be maintained during any additions to the flask throughout the entire procedure. Stir for 5-10 min. observing the reaction.

b) With stirring, add 1 ml of n-butanol or t-butanol and observe the reaction. In the presence of active metal hydrogen gas evolution will occur. Further 1 ml portions of the alcohol are added at such a rate that the heat evolved by neutralization does not cause the reaction mixture to come to reflux. This will take several hours, or even longer. The reactivity of the mixture can be monitored by briefly interrupting the nitrogen flow and monitoring the bubbler. As long as there is gas evolution from the apparatus, reactive metal is present.

SOLVENT STILLS

PROCEDURES FOR SET-UP, USE, AND NEUTRALIZATION

(continued)

c) When no further reactivity is observed, procedure b) is repeated with ethanol. Again this may take several hours, or overnight, until all hydrogen evolution ceases.

d) Add 50-100 ml methanol in 5 ml portions and monitor the reaction. Stir at least 1 h or until no further gas evolution is observed.

e) Repeat procedure b) with water until no further gas evolution is observed.

f) Dispose of the contents of the flask as organic chemical waste from your laboratory.

7.1.If the solvent still contains lithium aluminum hydride:

a) With stirring, slowly add 1 ml portions of 95 % ethanol to the flask containing the hydride in solution (see attached figure) while maintaining a slight counter-flow of nitrogen or argon through the apparatus. The counter-flow should be maintained during any additions to the flask throughout the entire procedure. Stir for 5-10 min. observing the reaction.

b) When no more gas evolution is observed slowly add a saturated solution of ammonium chloride.

c) Separate the organic and aqueous layers formed.

d) Dispose of the two components in the appropriate manner, i.e., the organic layer into the organic waste collection container, the aqueous layer into the aqueous waste collection container in your laboratory.

8. If the solvent still contains calcium hydride in dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂):

a) With stirring, slowly add 1-2 ml portions of methanol to the flask (see figure) while maintaining a slight counter-flow of nitrogen or argon through the apparatus.

The counter-flow should be maintained during any additions to the flask throughout the entire procedure. Stir for 5-10 min. after each addition observing the reaction.

b) When no more gas evolution is observed slowly add excess water.

c) Separate the organic and aqueous layers formed.

d) Dispose of the two components in the appropriate manner, i.e., the organic layer into the halogenated organic waste collection container, the aqueous layer into the aqueous waste collection container in your laboratory.

SOLVENT STILLS

PROCEDURES FOR SET-UP, USE, AND NEUTRALIZATION

(continued)

COLUMN PURIFICATION SYTEMS

Commercially available column purification systems are a viable alternative for some distillation procedures. While the column method does not have the fire or explosion initiators that distillation units have, they do, however, have their own set of safety considerations that must be accounted for.

The quantities of solvents in the system tend to be larger so the units must be used in an appropriate location equipped with flammable liquid cabinets, fire doors, sprinklers, and the quantity limits imposed by the building codes must not be exceeded.
The columns are pressurized from 5-50 psi therefore; they must be secure and equipped with the appropriate valves and plumbing.
Peroxides may accumulate on the columns and must be changed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation.
Some solvents, including tetrahydrofuran and mthylene chloride, are incompatible with the copper catalyst therefore; the column method may not be suitable for some applications.

References: Cournoyer, Michael E., and Dare, Jeffery H., The Use of Alternative Solvent Purification Techniques, Chemical Heath and Safety, July/August, 2003.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is selected based on the potential hazard presented by the work. Each laboratory procedure should be scrutinized individually for potential hazards based on the chemicals to be used and the procedure to be performed. The hazard assessment is then used to determine the appropriate personal protective equipment.

Each laboratory group is responsible for assessing the potential hazards presented by their work. The Personal Protective Equipment Hazard Assessment Form found in Appendix B can be used for this purpose. The potential hazards presented by typical laboratory procedures and the corresponding personal protective equipment are found on the form. The list does not include all laboratory procedures. Additional tasks and personal protective equipment should be added as necessary on the form.

A list of chemicals that require skin protection can be found in Appendix C. These chemicals have been identified by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and/or the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) as chemicals that present a significant risk of skin absorption and subsequent toxicity. Many chemicals not on the list also require the use of gloves and other personal protective equipment. Never underestimate the risk of exposure. Always practice good chemical hygiene and use personal protective equipment.

HAND PROTECTION

No glove is resistant to all chemicals. Consult the glove manufacturer’s selection guides for chemical compatibility prior to use. Glove selection guides are available in the chemistry or biology stockrooms and can also be found at the manufacturers web sites and through the EH&S web page (www.ehs.indiana.edu). For further assistance contact EH&S (855-6311).

When selecting and using gloves always:

· Consider chemical resistance, thickness, length, and dexterity requirements.

· Inspect all gloves before use for signs of swelling, cracking, discoloration, pinholes, etc.

· Double gloving (wearing one glove over another) can be used as a precaution.

· Change gloves frequently or as often as needed if they become contaminated.

· Do not touch doorknobs, phones, etc. when wearing gloves. (Remove them before touching anything to prevent leaving chemical residue on the item.)

· Remove gloves by pinching the material in the palm and turning them inside out as the glove is removed over the finger tips (thus keeping contamination on the inside of the removed glove.)

· Thicker reusable gloves should be rinsed after every use.

Chemical resistance is based on several characteristics of the glove material. When selecting the appropriate glove, the following properties should be considered:

· Degradation

· Breakthrough time

· Permeation rate

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE

(continued)

Degradation is the change in one or more of the physical properties of a glove caused by contact with a chemical. Degradation typically appears as hardening, stiffening, swelling, shrinking or cracking of the glove. Degradation ratings indicate how well a glove will hold up when exposed to a chemical. When looking at a chemical compatibility chart, degradation is usually reported as E (excellent), G (good), F (fair), P (poor), NR (not recommended) or NT (not tested).

Breakthrough time is the elapsed time between the initial contact of the test chemical on the surface of the glove and the analytical detection of the chemical on the inside of the glove.

Permeation rate is the rate at which the test chemical passes through the glove material once breakthrough has occurred and equilibrium is reached. Permeation involves absorption of the chemical on the surface of the glove, diffusion through the glove, and desorption of the chemical on the inside of the glove. Resistance to permeation rate is usually reported as E (excellent), G (good), F (fair), P (poor), NR (not recommended), or NT (not tested). If chemical breakthrough does not occur, then permeation rate is not measured and is reported ND (none detected).

Manufacturers stress that permeation and degradation tests are done under laboratory test conditions, which can vary significantly from actual conditions in the work environment. Users may decide to conduct their own tests, particularly when working with highly toxic materials or chemicals for which no data can be found. This should always be done carefully in a fume hood with PPE and without touching the chemicals or contaminated materials with the hands (i.e. use forceps).

For mixtures, it is recommended that the glove material be selected based on the shortest breakthrough time.

The following table shows the typical glove materials and their general uses.

Glove Material	General Uses
Butyl	Offers the highest resistance to permeation by most gases and water vapor. Especially suitable for use with esters and ketones.
Neoprene	Provides moderate abrasion resistance but good tensile strength and heat resistance. Compatible with many acids, caustics and oils.
Nitrile	Excellent general duty glove. Provides protection from a wide variety of solvents, oils, petroleum products and some corrosives. Excellent resistance to cuts, snags, punctures and abrasions.
PVC	Provides excellent abrasion resistance and protection from most fats, acids, and petroleum hydrocarbons.
PVA	Highly impermeable to gases. Excellent protection from aromatic and chlorinated solvents. Cannot be used in water or water-based solutions.
Viton	Exceptional resistance to chlorinated and aromatic solvents. Good resistance to cuts and abrasions.
Silver Shield	Resists a wide variety of toxic and hazardous chemicals. Provides the highest level of overall chemical resistance.
Natural rubber	Provides flexibility and resistance to a wide variety of acids, caustics, salts, detergents and alcohols. (See Latex Gloves and Related Allergies below).

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE

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Latex Gloves and Related Allergies

Allergic reactions to natural rubber latex can sometimes occur. The term "latex" refers to natural rubber latex and includes products made from dry natural rubber. Natural rubber latex is the product manufactured from a milky fluid derived mainly from the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. Natural rubber latex is found in many products including gloves, personal protective equipment, medical equipment, office supplies, household products, automotive products, and childrens toys.

Several chemicals are added to this fluid during the processing and manufacture of commercial latex. Some proteins in latex can cause a range of mild to severe allergic reactions. The total protein serves as a useful indicator of the exposure of concern. The chemicals added during processing may also cause skin rashes. Several types of synthetic rubber are also referred to as "latex," but these do not release the proteins that cause allergic reactions.

Latex exposure symptoms include skin rash and inflammation, respiratory irritation, asthma and shock. The amount of exposure needed to sensitize an individual to natural rubber latex is not known, but when exposures are reduced, sensitization decreases.

In addition to skin contact with the latex allergens, inhalation is another potential route of exposure. The proteins responsible for latex allergies have been shown to fasten to powder that is used on some latex gloves. Latex proteins may be released into the air along with the powders used to lubricate the interior of the glove.

The following actions are recommended to reduce exposure to latex:

· Whenever possible, substitute another glove material.

· If latex gloves must be used, choose reduced-protein, powder-free latex gloves.

· Wash hands with mild soap and water after removing latex gloves.

Once a worker becomes allergic to latex, special precautions are needed to prevent exposures during work. Certain medications may reduce the allergy symptoms, but complete latex avoidance is the most effective approach.

PROTECTIVE EYEWEAR

Protective eyewear is required whenever there is a reasonable probability that the eyes could be exposed to chemicals. The type of eyewear required depends on the hazard classification of the area and procedure to be performed.

Types of Protective Eyewear

Safety Glasses

Safety glasses have shatter resistant lenses made of materials like polycarbonate plastic with side shields attached to the temples that meet the specifications of the American National Standards Institute Standard Z87.1-1989. Safety glasses are designed to stop physical objects or harmful radiation such a laser light from entering the eyes and provide little or no protection from vapors or liquids.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE

(continued)

Goggles

Properly vented safety goggles are the preferred eye protection to be worn when chemicals are handled in the laboratory. These should be worn over prescription glasses.

Goggles come in two types, vented and non-vented. Non-vented goggles are used to protect your eyes from vapors, mists, fumes, or other eye hazards that require complete eye coverage with no leaks or perforations.

Vented goggles are used where there are moderate quantities of liquids being used but no vapors or mists are involved. There are several types of vented goggles. The type of vented goggles made for laboratory use has a series of buttons embedded into the plastic. These buttons house a baffle plate that allows air to pass but presents a physical barrier to liquids. Do not use the common vented goggle with simple holes drilled in the sides. This type of vented goggle will not stop liquids from coming in through the holes and is not suitable for laboratory work.

Face Shields

Face shields are designed to augment other types of eye protection and are not meant to be a stand alone form of eye protection. Face shields are used to protect your entire face to catch any liquids that might splash onto the face.

Hazard Classifications

Areas and operations within research buildings can be classified into three types of hazardous areas based on the following definitions. It is important to recognize that the procedure is classified as well as the area. It would be possible to have a Class 1 operation in a Class 2 area. Appropriate additional protection would be required.

Class 1 Eye Hazard

Specific and predictable eye hazards exist in this area. Examples of eye protection required in these areas are acid splash goggles, face shields, welding helmets, and laser goggles. Industrial safety glasses alone do not provide adequate eye protection in these areas. Contact lenses are prohibited in these areas.

Class 2 Eye Hazard

Unpredictable eye hazards exist in this area. Industrial safety glasses with side shields are therefore always required for workers and visitors when entering these areas. Typical Class 2 hazard areas include laboratories or other areas not already identified as Class 1 or Class 3. Contact lenses may be worn in this area only when used in conjunction with industrial safety glasses.

Class 3 Eye Hazard

Hazards requiring eye protection are seldom encountered in this area, which are:

• Offices including enclosed offices within laboratories or protected desk areas. To comply with this policy there must be a line of sight barrier (for example an office partition) between personnel and any chemicals or any chemical process in the laboratory.

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PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE

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• Conference rooms

• Libraries and reading rooms

• Corridors, lobbies, elevators, and stairwells

• Locker and rest rooms

• Mail and copier rooms

• Computer and computer user rooms

• Lounges and break rooms

These areas are exempted from the requirement that occupants and visitors must wear industrial safety glasses. Any other spaces judged to be Class 3 hazard areas, which do not fall into one of these categories, must be specifically exempted by the Chemical Hygiene Officer.

Exemption Procedure

Eye protection may be removed while viewing materials through a microscope or similar equipment. Eye protection must be replaced after operation is complete. Microscope and similar equipment must be located in an area where removal of eye protection does not place personnel at risk from other hazards in the area.

Local Safety Procedure Required

State if eye protection can be removed behind a line of sight barrier. Define line of sight barrier. Any approved exemptions must be identified on the Personal Protective Equipment Hazard Assessment Form LCS-4 in Appendix B.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

Protective clothing in the form of lab coats, aprons, and closed toed shoes are required whenever the possibility of chemical contamination to the body exists. Protective clothing that resists physical and chemical hazards should be worn over street clothes.

Lab coats and aprons should be left in the laboratory and not taken home. This prevents the worker from carrying incidental contamination out of the laboratory and presenting a chemical hazard to co-workers, friends, or family.

Disposable outer garments such as Tyvek suits, aprons, and lab coats may be useful when cleaning and decontamination of reusable clothing is difficult.

Shorts, loose clothing (including ties), or torn clothing are inappropriate for work with hazardous chemicals.

Lab Coats

Lab coats are appropriate for minor chemical splashes and spills. They should be worn buttoned with the sleeves covering the arms. Do not roll up the sleeves.

Aprons

Rubber or plastic aprons are appropriate for handling corrosives or irritating liquids.

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PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE

(continued)

FOOTWEAR

Shoes should be worn at all times where chemicals are stored or used. Perforated shoes, sandals or cloth sneakers should not be worn in laboratories. They offer no barrier between the laboratory worker and chemicals or broken glass. Leather shoes are preferable but tend to absorb chemicals and may have to be discarded if contaminated with a hazardous material.

Chemical resistant overshoes, boots, or disposable shoe coverings (“booties”), may be used to avoid possible exposure to corrosive chemicals or large quantities of solvents or water that might penetrate normal footwear (e.g., during spill cleanup).

Although generally not required in most laboratories, steel-toed safety shoes may be necessary when there is a risk of heavy objects falling or rolling onto the feet, such as in bottle-washing operations, animal care facilities, or if large quantities of liquids are stored and moved in drums.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Respiratory protection is typically provided by using adequate engineering controls such as chemical fume hoods, canopy hoods, snorkel hoods, glove boxes, and appropriately equipped biological safety cabinets. It should be noted that not all biological safety cabinets provide protection from toxic chemical vapors and fumes. These devices should be carefully selected and used only for their intended purpose.

A respirator may only be used when engineering controls, such as general ventilation or a fume hood, are not feasible or do not reduce the exposure of a chemical to acceptable levels. Respirators can only be used in accordance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administrations (OSHA) Respiratory Protection Standard and the Indiana University Respiratory Protection Program. Contact EH&S (855-6311) for more information or to obtain a respirator and arrange the required respirator fit test and medical examination.

HEAD PROTECTION

Head protection may be necessary in industrial type laboratories where overhead hazards exist or fluids may splash onto the head. Appropriate head protection in the form of hard hats or fluid barrier hats should be used in these cases. Hooded disposable coveralls may also be used if necessary.

4.0 INFORMATION AND TRAINING

The OSHA Lab Standard requires that individuals who will be working with chemicals in the laboratory be provided with sufficient training to enable them to conduct their work safely. Training must be provided prior to the time when individuals begin their duties involving chemicals and whenever there is a significant change in the types or quantities of chemicals used. Departments and, ultimately, principal investigators (or laboratory supervisors) are responsible for ensuring that all individuals working in their laboratories have been adequately trained.

4.1 Required Training Content

The general training topics required by the Lab Standard are the:

· Content of the Lab Standard.

· Location and availability of the Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan (i.e., Chemical Hygiene Plan).

· Permissible exposure limits (PELs) for OSHA regulated substances (see Appendix A) or recommended limits for other materials that have no OSHA limits.

· Signs and symptoms associated with chemical exposure.

· Location and availability of known reference material on the hazards, safe handling, storage, and disposal of chemicals. This includes, but is not limited to, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs).

· Methods to detect the presence or release of chemicals.

· Physical and health hazards of chemicals.

· Measures that laboratory workers can take to protect themselves from chemical hazards, including control measures, personal protective equipment, SOPs, and emergency procedures.

4.2 Training Resources

The University Office of Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S) provides a number of types and formats of safety training to the university community. Among the training routinely offered is a Laboratory Safety Orientation, which is designed to cover, in a general way, many of the topics required by the OSHA Lab Standard. This Orientation, however, is not intended to be the sole means of training laboratory workers, but must be supplemented by additional safety instruction from the principal investigator (or laboratory supervisor) on the potential hazards associated with an individual’s specific duties. This individualized training should include a review of the laboratory’s safety features and equipment (Form LCS-2 in Appendix B has been prepared to assist principal investigators in this process). For information on other safety training resources available from EH&S (such as specialized training sessions, videotapes, safety guides, chemical references, and MSDS’s), individuals should call 855-6311. Below is a partial list of such resources:

Videotapes

Elements of Safety The Keys to Laboratory Safety

Laboratory Videotape Series (Industrial Training, Inc.)

12 tapes (J.T. Baker)

· Orientation to Lab Safety Practicing Safe Science

· Safety Showers and Eyewashes (Howard Hughes Medical Institute)

· Flammables and Explosives

· The OSHA Formaldehyde Standard Chemical Hazards

· Electrical Safety in the Laboratory (Howard Hughes Medical Institute)

· Laboratory Ergonomics

· Material Safety Data Sheets Emergency Response

· Laboratory Hoods (Howard Hughes Medical Institute)

· Preventing Contamination

· Safe Handling of Laboratory Glassware Radionuclide Hazards

· Planning for Laboratory Emergencies (Howard Hughes Medical Institute)

· Handling Compressed Gas Cylinders

Safety Guides

Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan Radiation Safety Guide for

(Indiana University) Users of Analytical X-Ray Systems

(Indiana University)

Laser Safety Guide

(Indiana University) Radionuclide Fact Sheets

(Indiana University)

Radiation Safety Manual

for Radioactive Material Users

(Indiana University)

4.3 Training Documentation

Departments and principal investigators are responsible for documenting the safety training provided to individuals working within their laboratories. For each individual, a record should be maintained not only for formal training sessions attended such as the EH&S Laboratory Safety Orientation, but also for informal safety instruction or training provided in the laboratory (Form LCS-3 in Appendix B may be used for this purpose).

5.0 MEDICAL CONSULTATIONS AND EXAMINATIONS

In accordance with the requirements of the OSHA Lab Standard, Indiana University provides all employees who work with chemicals the opportunity to receive medical consultations and examinations under the supervision of a licensed physician. Medical examinations are provided without cost to the employee, without loss of pay, and at a reasonable time and place.

5.1 Examination Criteria

Medical examinations are available to employees who work with chemicals in the laboratory whenever:

· an employee develops signs or symptoms associated with a chemical to which exposure may have occurred in the laboratory;

· exposure monitoring reveals an exposure level routinely above the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the PEL) for an OSHA regulated substance for which there are exposure monitoring and medical surveillance requirements; or

· a spill, leak, explosion, or other event occurs in the laboratory resulting in the likelihood of chemical exposure.

5.2 Information to the Physician

The employee’s department or principal investigator must provide the physician with the following information regarding the employee’s potential exposure:

· the identity of the chemicals to which the employee may have been exposed.

Note: Provide the physician with the Material Safety Data Sheet for the chemical but do not delay obtaining medical attention.

· a description of the conditions under which the exposure occurred; and

· a description of the employee’s symptoms.

5.3 Physician’s Written Opinion

Upon completion of the employee’s consultation or examination, the department or principal investigator must obtain a written opinion from the examining physician that includes the following information:

· any recommendations for further medical follow-up;

· results of the medical examination and associated tests;

· any medical condition found as a result of the examination that may place the employee at increased risk from further chemical exposure in the laboratory; and

· a statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results of the consultation or examination.

The physician’s written opinion shall not reveal specific findings of diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure.

5.4 Campus Medical Services

Medical services are available to Indiana University students and employees at the locations shown on the map. The numbered locations refer to the facilities described below.

1. IU Health Center, 600 North Jordan Ave. (See map for location) Phone

Emergency care…………………………….………………………………………855-5001

Clinical laboratory……………………………………………………………….…855-8371

Director of Medical Services…………………………………………………….…855-4055

Students receive treatment for injuries at the IU Health Center located at the northeast corner of Jordan Avenue and Tenth Street.

The IU Health Center offers expertise in such laboratory safety issues as post-accident evaluation and follow-up, baseline medical evaluation, and medical surveillance. The Health Center combines on-campus proximity and professionalism with a unique understanding of the requirements of the academic research community.

Emergency care is available without appointment (Room 216), while baseline evaluation and surveillance visits require prior arrangement. Services at the Health Center are available Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. (with special hours during academic breaks), and at other times by special arrangement.

Outside of the Health Center hours, care is available at Promptcare Urgent Care Clinics and the Bloomington Hospital Emergency Department.

2. Bloomington Hospital, 601 West Second St. (See map for location) Phone

General Information………………………………………………………………..336-6821

In the event of life-threatening injury or illness, dial 911 and request an ambulance for assistance.

5.5 Promptcare Urgent Care Clinic

Indiana University employees receive treatment for work related injuries at either of the Promptcare Urgent Care Clinics. Non-employee student volunteers working in a laboratory are also treated at Promptcare for work related injuries.

Services at Promptcare East are available seven days a week from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Promptcare East, located at the corner of Woodcrest Drive and East Third Street, provides medical care for Indiana University employees.

Services at Promptcare West are available from 8.am to 8:00 P.M. Monday through Saturday (Closed Sundays). Promptcare West is located just west of State Highway 37 on the south side of Third Street.

Outside of these hours, emergency medical care is available through the Bloomington Hospital Emergency Department. In the event of life-threatening injury or illness, dial 911 and request an ambulance for assistance.

Urgent care is available without appointment. An appointment is preferred for baseline evaluations and medical surveillance visits. They both provide expertise in such laboratory safety issues as post-accident evaluation and follow-up, baseline medical evaluation, and medical surveillance.

Promptcare Urgent Care Clinics (See map for locations) Phone

3. Promptcare East, 326 Woodcrest Drive…………………………...………….353-6888

4. Promptcare West, 3443 West Third Street….…………………………….…..353-3443

6.0 LABORATORY SAFETY EQUIPMENT

The availability and use of a number of types of safety equipment is essential to the practice of safe science. Safety equipment should be present in well-marked, highly visible, and easily accessible locations in or near all laboratories that use hazardous chemicals. For more information regarding safety equipment or specific regulatory requirements, please call the University Office of Environmental Health and Safety (855-6311).

6.1 Chemical Fume Hoods

Chemical fume hoods are one of the most important items of equipment used for the protection of workers in the laboratory. A standard fume hood is a chemical and fire resistant enclosure with a movable window (sash) at the front to allow the user access to the interior. Chemical fume hoods capture, contain, and expel chemical emissions. In addition, chemical fume hoods (with the sash down) provide a protective barrier between laboratory personnel and chemicals or chemical processes. A properly functioning hood draws between 60-100 linear feet per minute of air at full-open sash. The storage of large numbers of chemical bottles or other items within the hood can dramatically impair this functioning. To ensure that fume hoods are operating properly, the University Office of Environmental Health and Safety conduct periodic inspections. IU Physical Plant services any hoods that are not functioning properly immediately. (See SOP 3.3 Chemical Fume Hoods - Procedures for Proper and Safe Use.)

6.2 Safety Showers

Safety showers are required in areas where hazardous chemicals are used. Safety showers provide an effective means of initial treatment in the event of chemical contamination of the skin or clothing. The shower area should be readily accessible, clear of obstructions, and clearly labeled. IU Physical Plant inspects safety showers annually to ensure that they are working properly. In the event of chemical contamination of an individual’s body, immediately flush the body for 15 minutes under the shower, remove all clothing, and seek medical attention.

6.3 Eyewash Stations

Eyewash stations are required in areas where hazardous chemicals are used. Eyewashes should be easily accessible, unobstructed, and clearly labeled. The use of the hands should not be required to activate and maintain the water flow. Plumbed eyewash units are best and strongly recommended. Eyewashes should be inspected routinely by laboratory personnel to ensure that they are working properly. In the event of chemical contamination of the eyes or face, immediately flush the eyes/face for 15 minutes and seek medical attention.

6.4 Fire Extinguishers

Fires are one of the most common types of laboratory accidents. Laboratory personnel should know the locations of all fire extinguishers in the laboratory, the type of fires for which they are appropriate, and how to operate them correctly. The University Department of Risk Management, Bloomington (855-9758) provides free fire safety training to all IU employees.

Fire extinguishers in the laboratory should be the appropriate type for the expected fire emergency. Extinguishers are classified according to a particular fire type. Type A are used on combustible (wood, paper rubber, plastic) fires, Type B are used on flammable liquid fires, Type C are used on energized electrical equipment fires, and Type D are used on combustible metal (lithium, sodium, magnesium, potassium) fires. Multipurpose (Type ABC and Type BC) extinguishers are also available. Fire extinguishers should be easily accessible, mounted properly on a wall, and unobstructed. The Department of Risk Management inspects fire extinguishers annually. Used fire extinguishers should be immediately serviced.

6.5 Fire Blankets

Fire blankets are recommended in all laboratories that use flammable liquids. Fire blankets should be easily accessible and unobstructed. In the event that a person’s body or clothing catches fire, the person should immediately drop to the floor and roll to help extinguish the fire (STOP-DROP-and-ROLL method). A fire blanket should be used only as a last resort to help smother a body or clothing fire. Fire blankets can also be used to keep shock victims warm.

6.6 Flammable Liquid Storage Cabinets

Flammable liquids in quantities exceeding a total of 10 gallons in a laboratory must be stored in flammable liquid storage cabinets or safety cans. Flammable storage cabinets shall be designed to meet NFPA (National Fire Protection Agency) and Indiana’s Fire Prevention Code guidelines. Cabinets are generally made from No. 18 gage sheet steel with double-walled construction or one-inch exterior grade plywood. Approved cabinets should be marked in conspicuous lettering “FLAMMABLE-KEEP FIRE AWAY.” Fire cabinets are not required to be vented (cabinets are generally vented only if the flammable liquids generate noxious fumes), but if venting is desired it shall meet NFPA and Indiana’s Fire Prevention Code requirements (call the IU Department of Risk Management at 855-9758 for details on venting requirements). Only flammable and combustible material should be stored in flammable storage cabinets.

6.7 Safety Cans

A safety can is a container of not more than five-gallon capacity, having a spring closed lid, spout cover, and flame arrestor and so designed that it will safely relieve internal pressure. Safety cans should be UL (Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.) listed and should be compatible with the chemical that they are to contain.

6.8 Explosion-Proof and Laboratory-Safe Refrigeration Equipment

The use of domestic refrigeration equipment for the storage of flammable liquids presents a significant hazard to the laboratory work area. Refrigerator temperatures are commonly higher than the flash points of the flammable liquids stored in them. In addition, domestic refrigerators contain readily available and exposed ignition sources such as thermostats, lights, and heater strips. Flammable liquids should only be stored in two types of laboratory refrigerators: explosion-proof and laboratory-safe models. Explosion-proof refrigeration equipment is designed to protect against ignition of flammable vapors both inside and outside the refrigerated storage compartment. Laboratory-safe refrigeration equipment (also called explosion-safe) is designed to eliminate ignition of vapors on only the inside of the storage compartment, although other safety design features like self-closing doors, magnetic door gaskets, and compressors and circuits located at the top of the refrigeration unit have been incorporated. All flammable liquids that need to be stored in a cool environment should be stored in these types of approved refrigerators Containers should be tightly closed to minimize the amount of vapor released. Every laboratory refrigerator should be clearly marked to indicate whether or not it is safe for the storage of flammable liquids. Although not considered optimum protection, it is possible to modify some domestic refrigerators to hold flammable liquids. Please call EH&S for more details.

6.9 First Aid Kits

First aid kits should be easily accessible to all laboratory personnel. First aid kits should be regularly inspected and restocked as necessary. As a general guideline, first aid kits should contain adhesive tape, bandages (small and large), pressure bandage compresses, premoistened cleansing wipes, antiseptic cream/spray, gauze pads, gauze wraps, latex gloves, and a CPR micro shield. First aid kits can be purchased through any laboratory safety supply vendor. The IU Office of Environmental Health and Safety (855-6311) or the IU Department of Risk Management (855-9758) provides free Red Cross-certified First Aid and CPR training to all IU employees.

6.10 Chemical Spill Kits

Every laboratory that uses hazardous chemicals should have access to a spill control kit. The keys to an effective spill kit are location and content. Spill kits should be strategically located around work areas in fixed spots so they will be easily accessible. In general, a spill kit should contain absorbent material, appropriate personal protective equipment, a container for spill residue, and a plastic dustpan and scoop. Laboratories that use mercury or mercury filled thermometers and manometers should also have a mercury spill kit available. Once a spill kit has been used it should be immediately restocked.

Spill kits can be purchased through most vendors that sell chemicals or safety supplies. In addition, spill kits can be purchased through the IU Department of Chemistry’s Scientific Stores. The following is a list of recommended items that should be contained in a chemical spill kit. However, it is important that spill kits be tailored to meet the specific spill control needs of each laboratory.

Absorbents:

· Universal Spill Absorbent Material - 1:1:1 mixture of Flor-Dri ( or unscented kitty litter):Sodium Bicarbonate:Sand. This all purpose absorbent material is good for most chemical spills including solvents, acids, and bases.

· Acid Spill - Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Carbonate, or Calcium Carbonate

· Alkali (Base) Spill - Sodium Bisulfate

· Solvents/Other Organic Liquids - Inert absorbents such as vermiculite, clay, sand, Flor-Dri, and Oil-Dri

Personal Protective Equipment:

· Goggles and Face Shield

· Plastic Vinyl Booties

· Disposable Coveralls and Apron

· Disposable Vinyl Gloves and Heavy Neoprene Gloves

· Dust Mask/Respirator (All laboratory personnel must be properly fit tested before using a respirator. Respirators are personal safety equipment and should not be shared between laboratory personnel. Contact EH&S for more information.)

Clean-Up Material:

· Plastic Dust Pan and Scoop

· Plastic Bags (30 gallon, 3 mil thick)

· One empty 5 gallon, plastic bucket with lid for spill and absorbent residues

Other:

· Hydrofluoric Acid Antidote Gel - Calcium Gluconate

· Mercury Spill Kit

6.11 Portable Safety Shields

Portable safety shields can provide limited protection against explosions, fires, and chemical splash hazards. When a hood sash cannot provide proper shielding, portable safety shields should be used. It should be noted that portable safety shields do not provide protection on the sides and back of equipment and therefore work best if used in conjunction with a fume hood. Laboratory equipment/chemical apparatus should be shielded on all sides so that there is no line-of-sight exposure to laboratory personnel.

PART 1910—OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS

Subpart Z—Toxic and Hazardous

Substances

Sec.

1910.1000 Air contaminants.

1910.1001 Asbestos.

1910.1002 Coal tar pitch volatiles; interpretation of term.

1910.1003 13 Carcinogens (4-Nitrobiphenyl, etc.).

1910.1004 alpha-Naphthylamine.

1910.1005 [Reserved]

1910.1006 Methyl chloromethyl ether.

1910.1007 3,′—Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts).

1910.1008 bis-Chloromethyl ether.

1910.1009 beta-Naphthylamine.

1910.1010 Benzidine.

1910.1011 4-Aminodiphenyl.

1910.1012 Ethyleneimine.

1910.1013 beta-Propiolactone.

1910.1014 2-Acetylaminofluorene.

1910.1015 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene.

1910.1016 N-Nitrosodimethylamine.

1910.1017 Vinyl chloride.

1910.1018 Inorganic arsenic.

1910.1020 Access to employee exposure and medical records.

1910.1025 Lead.

1910.1027 Cadmium.

1910.1028 Benzene.

1910.1029 Coke oven emissions.

1910.1030 Bloodborne pathogens.

1910.1043 Cotton dust.

1910.1044 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane.

1910.1045 Acrylonitrile.

1910.1047 Ethylene oxide.

1910.1048 Formaldehyde.

1910.1050 Methylenedianiline.

1910.1051 1,3–Butadiene.

1910.1052 Methylene Chloride.

1910.1096 Ionizing radiation.

1910.1200 Hazard communication.

1910.1201 Retention of DOT markings, placards and labels.

1910.1450 Occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories.

Subject Index for 29 CFR Part 1910—Occupational Safety and Health Standards

Subpart Z—Toxic and Hazardous

Substances

Authority: Sections 4, 6, and 8 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, and 657); Secretary of Labor’s Order No. 12–71 (36 FR 8754), 8–76 (41 FR 25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736), 1–90 (55 FR 9033), 6– 96 (62 FR 111), and 3–2000 (65 FR 50017), as applicable, and 29 CFR part 1911.

All of subpart Z issued under section 6(b) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C 653), except those substances that have exposure limits in Tables Z–1, Z–2, and Z–3 of 29 CFR 1910.1000. Section 1910.1000 also issued under section (6)(a) of the Act (29 U.S.C. 655(a)). Section 1910.1000, Tables Z–1, Z–2, and Z–3 also issued under 5 U.S.C. 553, but not under 29 CFR part 1911, except for the inorganic arsenic, benzene, and cotton dust listings.

Section 1910.1001 also issued under section 107 of the Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (40 U.S.C. 333) and 5 U.S.C. 553.

Section 1910.1002 also issued under 5 U.S.C. 553, but not under 29 U.S.C. 655 or 29 CFR part 1911.

Sections 1910.1018, 1910.1029, and 1910.1200 also issued under 29 U.S.C. 653.

Source: 39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, unless otherwise noted. Redesignated at 40 FR 23072, May 28, 1975.

§ 1910.1000 Air contaminants.

An employee’s exposure to any substance listed in Tables Z–1, Z–2, or Z–3 of this section shall be limited in accordance with the requirements of the following paragraphs of this section.

(a) Table Z–1—(1) Substances with limits preceded by ‘‘C’’—Ceiling Values. An employee’s exposure to any substance in Table Z–1, the exposure limit of which is preceded by a ‘‘C’’, shall at no time exceed the exposure limit given for that substance. If instantaneous monitoring is not feasible, then the ceiling shall be assessed as a 15-minute time weighted average exposure which shall not be exceeded at any time during the working day.

(2) Other substances—8-hour Time Weighted Averages. An employee’s exposure to any substance in Table Z–1, the exposure limit of which is not preceded by a ‘‘C’’, shall not exceed the 8-hour Time Weighted Average given for that substance in any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week.

(b) Table Z–2. An employee’s exposure to any substance listed in Table Z–2 shall not exceed the exposure limits specified as follows:

(1) 8-hour time weighted averages. An employee’s exposure to any substance listed in Table Z–2, in any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week, shall not exceed the 8-hour time weighted average limit given for that substance in Table Z–2.

(2) Acceptable ceiling concentrations. An employee’s exposure to a substance listed in Table Z–2 shall not exceed at any time during an 8-hour shift the acceptable ceiling concentration limit given for the substance in the table, except for a time period, and up to a concentration not exceeding the maximum duration and concentration allowed in the column under ‘‘acceptable maximum peak above the acceptable ceiling concentration for an 8-hour shift.’’

(3) Example. During an 8-hour work shift, an employee may be exposed to a concentration of Substance A (with a 10 ppm TWA, 25 ppm ceiling and 50 ppm peak) above 25 ppm (but never above 50 ppm) only for a maximum period of 10 minutes. Such exposure must be compensated by exposures to concentrations less than 10 ppm so that the cumulative exposure for the entire 8-hour work shift does not exceed a weighted average of 10 ppm.

(c) Table Z–3. An employee’s exposure to any substance listed in Table Z–3, in any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week, shall not exceed the 8-hour time weighted average limit given for that substance in the table.

(d) Computation formulae. The computation formula which shall apply to employee exposure to more than one substance for which 8-hour time weighted averages are listed in subpart Z of 29 CFR part 1910 in order to determine whether an employee is exposed over the regulatory limit is as follows:

(1)(i) The cumulative exposure for an 8-hour work shift shall be computed as follows:

E = (Ca Ta+Cb Tb+. . .Cn Tn)÷8

Where:

E is the equivalent exposure for the working shift.

C is the concentration during any period of time T where the concentration remains constant.

T is the duration in hours of the exposure at the concentration C.

The value of E shall not exceed the 8-hour time weighted average specified in subpart Z of 29 CFR part 1910 for the substance involved.

(ii) To illustrate the formula prescribed in paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section, assume that Substance A has an 8-hour time weighted average limit of 100 ppm noted in Table Z–1. Assume that an employee is subject to the following exposure:

Two hours exposure at 150 ppm

Two hours exposure at 75 ppm

Four hours exposure at 50 ppm

Substituting this information in the formula, we have

(2×150+2×75+4×50)÷8=81.25 ppm

Since 81.25 ppm is less than 100 ppm, the 8- hour time weighted average limit, the exposure is acceptable.

(2)(i) In case of a mixture of air contaminants an employer shall compute the equivalent exposure as follows:

E_m=(C1÷L1+C2÷L2)+. . .(Cn÷Ln)

Where:

E_m is the equivalent exposure for the mixture.

C is the concentration of a particular contaminant.

L is the exposure limit for that substance specified in subpart Z of 29 CFR part 1910.

The value of E_m shall not exceed unity (1).

(ii) To illustrate the formula prescribed in paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section, consider the following exposures:

Substance

Actual con-

centration of

8-hour

exposure

(ppm)

8-hour TWA

PEL (ppm)

B……………………………………………..

C……………………………………………..

D……………………………………………..

500

1,000

200

Substituting in the formula, we have:

E_m =500÷1,000+45÷200+40÷200

E_m =0.500+0.225+0.200

E_m =0.925

Since E_m is less than unity (1), the exposure combination is within acceptable limits.

(e) To achieve compliance with paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section, administrative or engineering controls must first be determined and implemented whenever feasible. When such controls are not feasible to achieve full compliance, protective equipment or any other protective measures shall be used to keep the exposure of employees to air contaminants within the limits prescribed in this section. Any equipment and/or technical measures used for this purpose must be approved for each particular use by a competent industrial hygienist or other technically qualified person. Whenever respirators are used, their use shall comply with 1910.134.

(f) Effective dates. The exposure limits specified have been in effect with the method of compliance specified in paragraph (e) of this section since May 29, 1971.

TABLE Z–1—LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS

Substance

CAS No. (c)

ppm (a)¹

mg/m³ (b)¹

Skin Designation

Acetaldehyde ………………………………………………………….…….……

Acetic acid………………………………………………………………….….……

Acetic anhydride ...................................................……………..

Acetone ....................................................................…………

Acetonitrile .............................................................…………..

2-Acetylaminofluorine; see 1910.1014 ................................…

Acetylene dichloride; see 1,2-Dichloroethylene.

Acetylene tetrabromide ...........................................……………

Acrolein ...............................................................………………

Acrylamide ............................................................…………….

Acrylonitrile; see 1910.1045 ..................................................

Aldrin ..................................................................………………

Allyl alcohol .................................................................………

Allyl chloride ..............................................................………..

Allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) ............................................………..

Allyl propyl disulfide ..................................................………….

alpha-Alumina ..........................................................………….

Total dust ....................................................................….

Respirable fraction ........................................................…

Aluminum, metal (as Al) ............................................…………

Total dust .......................................................................

Respirable fraction ........................................................…

4-Aminodiphenyl; see 1910.1011 ..........................................

2-Aminoethanol; see Ethanolamine.

2-Aminopyridine .............................................……………………

Ammonia .........................................................………………….

Ammonium sulfamate ............................................…………….

Total dust ....................................................................….

Respirable fraction ........................................................…

n-Amyl acetate ........................................................…………..

75-07-0

64-19-7

108–24–7

67–64–1

75–05–8

53–96–3

79–27–6

107–02–8

79–06–1

107–13–1

309–00–2

107–18–6

107–05–1

106–92–3

2179–59–1

1344–28–1

7429–90–5

92–67–1

504–29–0

7664–41–7

7773–06–0

628–63–7

200

1000

0.1

......................

0.5

......................

100

360

2400

0.25

0.3

0.25

525

TABLE Z–1—LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS—Continued

Substance

CAS No. (c)

ppm (a)¹

mg/m³ (b)¹

Skin Designation

sec-Amyl acetate .....................................................…………..

Aniline and homologs ............................................……………..

Anisidine (o-, p-isomers) ...........................................………….

Antimony and compounds (as Sb) ......................................…

ANTU (alpha Naphthylthiourea) .............................................

Arsenic, inorganic compounds (as As); see 1910.1018 ......…….

Arsenic, organic compounds (as As) ...................................….

Arsine .........................................................………………………

Asbestos; see 1910.1001 ......................................................

Azinphos-methyl ........................................................………..

Barium, soluble compounds (as Ba) ...................................….

Barium sulfate ...................................................………………..

Total dust ....................................................................….

Respirable fraction ........................................................…

Benomyl ........................................................……………………

Total dust ....................................................................….

Respirable fraction ........................................................…

Benzene; see 1910.1028 ...............................................……..

See Table Z–2 for the limits applicable in the operations or sectors excluded in 1910.1028 d

Benzidine; see 1910.1010 .....................................................

p-Benzoquinone; see Quinone.

Benzo(a)pyrene; see Coal tar pitch volatiles..

Benzoyl peroxide ............................................................……

Benzyl chloride .............................................................……..

Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be) .......................….

Biphenyl; see Diphenyl.

Bismuth telluride, Undoped ...................................................

Total dust .......................................................................

Respirable fraction ........................................................…

Boron oxide .........................................................................

Total dust .......................................................................

Boron trifluoride ...................................................................

Bromine ..............................................................................

Bromoform ......................................................................….

Butadiene (1,3-Butadiene); See 29 CFR 1910.1051; 29 CFR 1910.19(l).

Butanethiol; see Butyl mercaptan.

2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone) .........................................

2-Butoxyethanol ...................................................................

n-Butyl-acetate ....................................................................

sec-Butyl acetate .................................................................

tert-Butyl acetate .................................................................

n-Butyl alcohol .....................................................................

sec-Butyl alcohol ..................................................................

tert-Butyl alcohol .................................................................

Butylamine ..........................................................................

tert-Butyl chromate (as CrO3) ...............................................

n-Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) ..................................................

Butyl mercaptan ..................................................................

p-tert-Butyltoluene ...............................................................

Cadmium (as Cd); see 1910.1027 ...................................…….

Calcium carbonate ...............................................................

Total dust ...……………...............................................……..

Respirable fraction ......…………….......................................

Calcium hydroxide ...........................................…..................

Total dust ...……………...............................................……..

Respirable fraction ......…………….......................................

Calcium oxide ......................................................................

Calcium silicate ....................................................................

Total dust ...……………...............................................……..

Respirable fraction ......…………….......................................

Calcium sulfate .....................…............................................

Total dust ...……………...............................................……..

Respirable fraction ......…………….......................................

Camphor, synthetic .......................................................….….

Carbaryl (Sevin) ............................................................…….

Carbon black .......................................................................

Carbon dioxide ....................................................................

Carbon disulfide ...................................................................

Carbon monoxide .................................................................

626–38–0

62–53–3

29191–52–4

7440–36–0

86–88–4

7440–38–2

7784–42–1

(⁴)

86–50–0

7440–39–3

7727–43–7

17804–35–2

71–43–2

92–87–5

94–36–0

100–44–7

7440–41–7

1304–82–1

1303–86–2

7637–07–2

7726–95–6

75–25–2

106–99–0

78–93–3

111–76–2

123–86–4

105–46–4

540–88–5

71–36–3

78–92–2

75–65–0

109–73–9

1189–85–1

2426–08–6

109–79–5

98–51–1

7440–43–9

1317–65–3

1305–62–0

1305–78–8

1344–95–2

7778–18–9

76–22–2

63–25–2

1333–86–4

124–38–9

75–15–0

630–08–0

125

.....................

0.05

.....................

0.1

0.5

1 ppm/5

ppm STEL

200

150

200

100

150

100

............….......

.....................

5000

650

0.5

0.3

0.5

0.2

0.5

(²)

0.7

....................

590

240

710

950

300

450

300

270

3.5

9000

(²)

TABLE Z–1—LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS—Continued

Substance

CAS No. (c)

ppm (a)¹

mg/m³ (b)¹

Skin Designation

Carbon tetrachloride .............................................................

Cellulose .............................................................................

Total dust ...……………...............................................……..

Respirable fraction ......…………….......................................

Chlordane ............................................................................

Chlorinated camphene ..........................................................

Chlorinated diphenyl oxide .................................................…

Chlorine ..............................................................................

Chlorine dioxide ...................................................................

Chlorine trifluoride ...............................................................

Chloroacetaldehyde ..............................................................

a-Chloroacetophenone (Phenacyl chloride) .....................……..

Chlorobenzene .....................................................................

o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile ......…................................

Chlorobromomethane ...........................................................

2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene; see beta-Chloroprene.

Chlorodiphenyl (42% Chlorine) (PCB) ...........…......................

Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine) (PCB) .............…....................

1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane; see Epichlorohydrin.

2-Chloroethanol; see Ethylene chlorohydrin.

Chloroethylene; see Vinyl chloride.

Chloroform (Trichloromethane) .............................................

bis(Chloromethyl) ether; see 1910.1008 ..........…...................

Chloromethyl methyl ether; see 1910.1006 .......…..................

1-Chloro-1-nitropropane .......................................................

Chloropicrin .........................................................................

beta-Chloroprene .................................................................

2-Chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine .....................................

Total dust ...……………...............................................……..

Respirable fraction ......…………….......................................

Chromic acid and chromates (as CrO3) ..........….....................

Chromium (II) compounds.

(as Cr) .........…...........................................……………........

Chromium (III) compounds.

(as Cr) ...............….................................................…......

Chromium metal and insol. salts (as Cr) …..............................

Chrysene; see Coal tar pitch volatiles.

Clopidol ...............................................................................

Total dust ...…............…...................................................

Respirable fraction ...............….........................................

Coal dust (less than 5% SiO2), respirable fraction …...............

Coal dust (greater than or equal to 5% SiO2), respirable fraction.

Coal tar pitch volatiles (benzene soluble fraction), anthracene, BaP, phenanthrene, acridine, chrysene, pyrene.

Cobalt metal, dust, and fume (as Co) ....................…..............

Coke oven emissions; see 1910.1029.

Copper ..................................................................…...........

Fume (as Cu) .....................................................…...........

Dusts and mists (as Cu) ........................................…........

Cotton dust e; see 1910.1043 ......................................…......

Crag herbicide (Sesone) ...............................................….....

Total dust ..................…...........................................….....

Respirable fraction ...............….........................................

Cresol, all isomers ................................................................

Crotonaldehyde ....................................................................

Cumene .......................................................................…....

Cyanides (as CN) ..........................................................…....

Cyclohexane ........................................................................

Cyclohexanol ................................................................……..

Cyclohexanone .....................................................................

Cyclohexene ....................................................................….

Cyclopentadiene ...................................................................

2,4-D (Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) ........….............................

Decaborane ...........................................…...........................

Demeton (Systox) ...................................…..........................

Diacetone alcohol (4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone) …….......

1,2-Diaminoethane; see Ethylenediamine.

Diazomethane ............................................................….......

Diborane ....................................................................…......

56–23–5

9004–34–6

57–74–9

8001–35–2

55720–99–5

7782–50–5

10049–04–4

7790–91–2

107–20–0

532–27–4

108–90–7

2698–41–1

74–97–5

53469–21–9

11097–69–1

67–66–3

542–88–1

107–30–2

600–25–9

76–06–2

126–99–8

1929–82–4

(⁴)

7440–47–3

2971–90–6

65966–93–2

7440–48–4

7440–50–8

136–78–7

1319–77–3

123–73–9;

4170–30–3

98–82–8

(⁴)

110–82–7

108–93–0

108–94–1

110–83–8

542–92–7

94–75–7

17702–41–9

8065–48–3

123–42–2

334–88–3

19287–45–7

.....................

0.1

0.05

200

.....................

0.1

.....................

300

.....................

0.05

.....................

0.2

0.1

(²)

0.5

0.3

350

0.4

1050

0.5

100

0.7

(²)

0.5

(³)

0.2

0.1

245

1050

200

1015

200

0.3

0.1

240

0.4

0.1

TABLE Z–1—LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS—Continued

Substance

CAS No. (c)

ppm (a)¹

mg/m³ (b)¹

Skin Designation

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP); see 1910.1044 ...……….

1,2-Dibromoethane; see Ethylene dibromide.

Dibutyl phosphate ...........................................…..................

Dibutyl phthalate .............................................…..................

o-Dichlorobenzene ...........................................…..................

p-Dichlorobenzene ............................................….................

3,′-Dichlorobenzidine; see 1910.1007 ...................…..............

Dichlorodifluoromethane .......................................................

1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin ......................................

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) ..................................

1,1-Dichloroethane ...............................................................

1,2-Dichloroethane; see Ethylene dichloride.

1,2-Dichloroethylene ............................................…..............

Dichloroethyl ether ...............................................................

Dichloromethane; see Methylene chloride.

Dichloromonofluoromethane ..................................…............

1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane ....................................................

1,2-Dichloropropane; see Propylene dichloride.

Dichlorotetrafluoroethane .....................................................

Dichlorvos (DDVP) .......................…......................................

Dicyclopentadienyl iron .........................................................

Total dust ..................…...................................................

Respirable fraction ............…….........................................

Dieldrin ...................................................................….........

Diethylamine .........................................................…............

2-Diethylaminoethanol ..............................................….........

Diethyl ether; see Ethyl ether.

Difluorodibromomethane ...........................................…........

Diglycidyl ether (DGE) .......................................…................

Dihydroxybenzene; see Hydroquinone.

Diisobutyl ketone ..............................................…................

Diisopropylamine ..............................................…................

4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene; see 1910.1015 .……..................

Dimethoxymethane; see Methylal.

Dimethyl acetamide .................................…….......................

Dimethylamine ....................................................................

Dimethylaminobenzene; see Xylidine.

Dimethylaniline (N,N-Dimethylaniline) ...................................

Dimethylbenzene; see Xylene.

Dimethyl-1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl phosphate ...............

Dimethylformamide .............................................................

2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone; see Diisobutyl ketone.

1,1-Dimethylhydrazine .........................................................

Dimethylphthalate ...............................................................

Dimethyl sulfate ..................................................................

Dinitrobenzene (all isomers) .................................................

(ortho) ...........................................................................

(meta) ............................................................................

(para) .............................................................................

Dinitro-o-cresol ....................................................................

Dinitrotoluene .....................................................................

Dioxane (Diethylene dioxide) ................................................

Diphenyl (Biphenyl) .............................................................

Diphenylmethane diisocyanate; see Methylene bisphenyl

isocyanate.

Dipropylene glycol methyl ether ............................................

Di-sec octyl phthalate (Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) ...............

Emery .................................................................................

Total dust .......................................................................

Respirable fraction ..........…..............................................

Endrin .................................................................................

Epichlorohydrin ....................................................................

EPN ....................................................................................

1,2-Epoxypropane; see Propylene oxide.

2,3-Epoxy-1-propanol; see Glycidol.

Ethanethiol; see Ethyl mercaptan.

Ethanolamine ......................................................................

2-Ethoxyethanol (Cellosolve) ................................................

2-Ethoxyethyl acetate (Cellosolve acetate) ...........................

Ethyl acetate .......................................................................

Ethyl acrylate ......................................................................

96–12–8

107–66–4

84–74–2

95–50–1

106–46–7

91–94–1

75–71–8

118–52–5

50–29–3

75–34–3

540–59–0

111–44–4

75–43–4

594–72–9

76–14–2

62–73–7

102–54–5

60–57–1

109–89–7

100–37–8

75–61–6

2238–07–5

108–83–8

108–18–9

60–11–7

127–19–5

124–40–3

121–69–7

300–76–5

68–12–2

57–14–7

131–11–3

77–78–1

528–29–0

99–65–0

100–25–4

534–52–1

25321–14–6

123–91–1

92–52–4

34590–94–8

117–81–7

12415–34–8

72–20–8

106–89–8

2104–64–5

141–43–5

110–80–5

111–15–9

141–78–6

140–88–5

.....................

1000

.....................

100

200

1000

.....................

100

.....................

0.5

.....................

100

0.2

100

.....................

200

100

400

450

4950

0.2

400

790

4200

7000

0.25

860

290

0.2

1.5

360

600

0.1

0.5

740

540

1400

100

TABLE Z–1—LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS—Continued

Substance

CAS No. (c)

ppm (a)¹

mg/m³ (b)¹

Skin Designation

Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol) ........................................................

Ethylamine .........................................................................

Ethyl amyl ketone (5-Methyl-3-heptanone) ............................

Ethyl benzene ....................................................................

Ethyl bromide ....................................................................

Ethyl butyl ketone (3-Heptanone) .........................................

Ethyl chloride .....................................................................

Ethyl ether .........................................................................

Ethyl formate .....................................................................

Ethyl mercaptan .................................................................

Ethyl silicate .......................................................................

Ethylene chlorohydrin .........................................................

Ethylenediamine .................................................................

Ethylene dibromide .............................................................

Ethylene dichloride (1,2-Dichloroethane) ...............................

Ethylene glycol dinitrate ......................................................

Ethylene glycol methyl acetate; see Methyl cellosolve acetate..

Ethyleneimine; see 1910.1012 .............................................

Ethylene oxide; see 1910.1047 ............................................

Ethylidene chloride; see 1,1-Dichloroethane.

N-Ethylmorpholine ..............................................................

Ferbam .............................................................................

Total dust ......................................................................

Ferrovanadium dust ............................................................

Fluorides (as F) ..................................................................

Fluorine .............................................................................

Fluorotrichloromethane (Trichlorofluoromethane) ..................

Formaldehyde; see 1910.1048 .............................................

Formic acid ........................................................................

Furfural .............................................................................

Furfuryl alcohol ..................................................................

Grain dust (oat, wheat, barley) ............................................

Glycerin (mist) ...................................................................

Total dust ..................…..................................................

Respirable fraction ...…........................................….........

Glycidol .........................…...........................................…....

Glycol monoethyl ether; see 2-Ethoxyethanol.

Graphite, natural, respirable dust .........…..................….........

Graphite, synthetic ...............................….................…........

Total dust ............................................................….......

Respirable fraction .............…................................….......

Guthion; see Azinphos methyl.

Gypsum ...................................................................….......

Total dust ............................................................….......

Respirable fraction .............….................................…......

Hafnium ....................................................................…......

Heptachlor ................................................................…......

Heptane (n-Heptane) .................................................…......

Hexachloroethane .........................................................…...

Hexachloronaphthalene .................................................…...

n-Hexane ......................................................................…..

2-Hexanone (Methyl n-butyl ketone) ...............................…...

Hexone (Methyl isobutyl ketone) ......................................….

sec-Hexyl acetate ............................................................…

Hydrazine ........................................................................

Hydrogen bromide ...........................................................…

Hydrogen chloride .............................................................

Hydrogen cyanide ..............................................................

Hydrogen fluoride (as F) ....................................................

Hydrogen peroxide ......…....................................................

Hydrogen selenide (as Se) ..........…......................................

Hydrogen sulfide ........................….....................................

Hydroquinone .............................….....................................

Iodine ........................................…....................................

Iron oxide fume ..........................….....................................

Isoamyl acetate ...........................…....................................

Isoamyl alcohol (primary and secondary) ..............................

Isobutyl acetate ....................................…...........................

Isobutyl alcohol .....................................…..........................

Isophorone ............................................…...........................

Isopropyl acetate ....................................…........................

64–17–5

75–04–7

541–85–5

100–41–4

74–96–4

106–35–4

75–00–3

60–29–7

109–94–4

75–08–1

78–10–4

107–07–3

107–15–3

106–93–4

107–06–2

628–96–6

151–56–4

75–21–8

100–74–3

14484–64–1

12604–58–9

(⁴)

7782–41–4

75–69–4

50–00–0

64–18–6

98–01–1

98–00–0

........................

56–81–5

556–52–5

7782–42–5

13397–24–5

7440–58–6

76–44–8

142–82–5

67–72–1

1335–87–1

110–54–3

591–78–6

108–10–1

108–84–9

302–01–2

10035–10–6

7647–01–0

74–90–8

7664–39–3

7722–84–1

7783–07–5

7783–06–4

123–31–9

7553–56–2

1309–37–1

123–92–2

123–51–3

110–19–0

78–83–1

78–59–1

108–21–4

1000

100

200

1000

400

100

.....................

0.1

1000

.....................

500

.....................

500

100

0.05

.....................

100

150

100

250

1900

130

435

890

230

2600

1200

300

850

(²)

2.5

0.2

5600

200

150

(³)

0.5

2000

0.2

1800

410

300

1.3

(²)

1.4

0.2

(²)

525

360

700

300

140

950

TABLE Z–1—LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS—Continued

Substance

CAS No. (c)

ppm (a)¹

mg/m³ (b)¹

Skin Designation

Isopropyl alcohol ....................................…..........................

Isopropylamine .......................................….........................

Isopropyl ether .........................................….......................

Isopropyl glycidyl ether (IGE) .....................….......................

Kaolin .......................................................……....................

Total dust .............................................……....................

Respirable fraction .............….................……....................

Ketene ......................................................…..….................

Lead, inorganic (as Pb); see 1910.1025 .......…..…..................

Limestone ........................................................…...............

Total dust ....................................................…...............

Respirable fraction .............…........................…................

Lindane ............................................................…...............

Lithium hydride .................................................…...............

L.P.G. (Liquefied petroleum gas) .........................…...............

Magnesite ..........................................................…..............

Total dust ......................................................….............

Respirable fraction .............…..........................…..............

Magnesium oxide fume ........................................….............

Total particulate ............…................................…............

Malathion ...........................................................….............

Total dust .........................................................…..........

Maleic anhydride .....................................................….........

Manganese compounds (as Mn) .............................…….........

Manganese fume (as Mn) ...........................................….......

Marble ........................................................................…....

Total dust ...............................................................…....

Respirable fraction .............…....................................…....

Mercury (aryl and inorganic) (as Hg) ......................…......…....

Mercury (organo) alkyl compounds (as Hg) ...........….........…..

Mercury (vapor) (as Hg) ...................................................….

Mesityl oxide ....................................................................…

Methanethiol; see Methyl mercaptan.

Methoxychlor ....................................................................

Total dust ........................…...........................................

2-Methoxyethanol (Methyl cellosolve) ...........................…......

2-Methoxyethyl acetate (Methyl cellosolve acetate) ....…….......

Methyl acetate ....................................................................

Methyl acetylene (Propyne) ..................................................

Methyl acetylene-propadiene mixture (MAPP) ....................…..

Methyl acrylate ...................................................................

Methylal (Dimethoxy-methane) .............................................

Methyl alcohol ....................................................................

Methylamine .......................................................................

Methyl amyl alcohol; see Methyl isobutyl carbinol.

Methyl n-amyl ketone ..........................................................

Methyl bromide ...................................................................

Methyl butyl ketone; see 2-Hexanone.

Methyl cellosolve; see 2-Methoxyethanol.

Methyl cellosolve acetate; see 2-Methoxyethyl acetate.

Methyl chloride .............................................................…...

Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane) ......................…....

Methylcyclohexane ........................................................…...

Methylcyclohexanol ........................................................…..

o-Methylcyclohexanone ...................................................…..

Methylene chloride ..........................................................….

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK); see 2-Butanone.

Methyl formate ...............................................................….

Methyl hydrazine (Monomethyl hydrazine) ..........................…

Methyl iodide ...................................................................…

Methyl isoamyl ketone .........................................................

Methyl isobutyl carbinol ....................................................….

Methyl isobutyl ketone; see Hexone.

Methyl isocyanate ...............................................................

Methyl mercaptan .............................................................…

Methyl methacrylate ............................................................

Methyl propyl ketone; see 2-Pentanone.

alpha-Methyl styrene ...........................................................

Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI) ................................…

Mica; see Silicates.

67–63–0

75–31–0

108–20–3

4016–14–2

1332–58–7

463–51–4

7439–92–1

1317–65–3

58–89–9

7580–67–8

68476–85–7

546–93–0

1309–48–4

121–75–5

108–31–6

7439–96–5

1317–65–3

7439–97–6

141–79–7

72–43–5

109–86–4

110–49–6

79–20–9

74–99–7

96–33–3

109–87–5

67–56–1

74–89–5

110–43–0

74–83–9

74–87–3

71–55–6

108–87–2

25639–42–3

583–60–8

75–09–2

107–31–3

60–34–4

74–88–4

110–12–3

108–11–2

624–83–9

74–93–1

80–62–6

98–83–9

101–68–8

400

500

.....................

0.5

.....................

1000

.....................

0.25

.....................

200

1000

200

100

350

500

100

0.02

100

980

2100

240

0.9

0.5

0.025

1800

(²)

100

120

610

1650

1800

3100

260

465

(²)

1900

2000

470

460

(²)

250

475

100

0.05

410

TABLE Z–1—LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS—Continued

Substance

CAS No. (c)

ppm (a)¹

mg/m³ (b)¹

Skin Designation

Molybdenum (as Mo) ...........................................................

Soluble compounds ........……….................................………

Insoluble compounds.

Total dust ...............……….…........................................

Monomethyl aniline .............................................................

Monomethyl hydrazine; see Methyl hydrazine.

Morpholine .........................................................................

Naphtha (Coal tar) ..............................................................

Naphthalene .......................................................................

alpha-Naphthylamine; see 1910.1004 .................................…

beta-Naphthylamine; see 1910.1009 .....................................

Nickel carbonyl (as Ni) .........................................................

Nickel, metal and insoluble compounds (as Ni) …….................

Nickel, soluble compounds (as Ni) .....................….................

Nicotine ..........….................................................................

Nitric acid .......................………............................................

Nitric oxide .........................................................................

p-Nitroaniline ......................................................................

Nitrobenzene ......................................................................

p-Nitrochlorobenzene ..........................................................

4-Nitrodiphenyl; see 1910.1003 ............................................

Nitroethane ........................................................................

Nitrogen dioxide ...............................................................…

Nitrogen trifluoride ..............................................................

Nitroglycerin .......................................................................

Nitromethane .....................................................................

1-Nitropropane ...................................................................

2-Nitropropane ...................................................................

N-Nitrosodimethylamine; see 1910.1016.

Nitrotoluene (all isomers) ...............................…...................

o-isomer .......................................……............................

m-isomer ..........................................……........................

p-isomer ...............................................……....................

Nitrotrichloromethane; see Chloropicrin.

Octachloronaphthalene ........................................................

Octane ...............................................................................

Oil mist, mineral .......................…........................................

Osmium tetroxide (as Os) ....................................................

Oxalic acid .........................................................................

Oxygen difluoride ................................................................

Ozone ................................................................................

Paraquat, respirable dust ...................................................…

Parathion ...........................................................................

Particulates not otherwise regulated (PNOR) f.

Total dust ......................................................................

Respirable fraction ......................….................................

PCB; see Chlorodiphenyl (42% and 54% chlorine).

Pentaborane .......................................................................

Pentachloronaphthalene ......................................................

Pentachlorophenol ...................................….........................

Pentaerythritol ....................................................................

Total dust ......................................................................

Respirable fraction .........................…..............................

Pentane .............................................................................

2-Pentanone (Methyl propyl ketone) .....................................

Perchloroethylene (Tetrachloroethylene) ...............................

Perchloromethyl mercaptan ..................................................

Perchloryl fluoride ...............................................................

Petroleum distillates (Naphtha) (Rubber Solvent) ……..............

Phenol ...............................................................................

p-Phenylene diamine ...........................................................

Phenyl ether, vapor .............................................................

Phenyl ether-biphenyl mixture, vapor ....................................

Phenylethylene; see Styrene.

Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) ..............…..................................

Phenylhydrazine ..................................................................

Phosdrin (Mevinphos) ..........................................................

Phosgene (Carbonyl chloride) ..................…..........................

Phosphine ..........................................................................

7439–98–7

100–61–8

110–91–8

8030–30–6

91–20–3

134–32–7

91–59–8

13463–39–3

7440–02–0

54–11–5

7697–37–2

10102–43–9

100–01–6

98–95–3

100–00–5

92–93–3

79–24–3

10102–44–0

7783–54–2

55–63–0

75–52–5

108–03–2

79–46–9

88–72–2

99–08–1

99–99–0

2234–13–1

111–65–9

8012–95–1

20816–12–0

144–62–7

7783–41–7

10028–15–6

4685–14–7;

1910–42–5;

2074–50–2

56–38–2

19624–22–7

1321–64–8

87–86–5

115–77–5

109–66–0

107–87–9

127–18–4

594–42–3

7616–94–6

108–95–2

106–50–3

101–84–8

122–60–1

100–63–0

7786–34–7

75–44–5

7803–51–2

.....................

100

0.001

.....................

100

.....................

500

.....................

0.05

0.1

.....................

0.005

.....................

1000

200

0.1

500

.....................

0.1

0.3

400

0.007

0.5

310

250

0.1

2350

0.002

0.1

0.2

0.5

0.1

0.01

0.5

2950

700

(²)

0.8

13.5

2000

0.1

0.4

TABLE Z–1—LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS—Continued

Substance

CAS No. (c)

Ppm (a)¹

mg/m³ (b)¹

Skin Designation

Phosphoric acid ..................................................................

Phosphorus (yellow) ...........................................................

Phosphorus pentachloride .............................................…....

Phosphorus pentasulfide ...............................................…....

Phosphorus trichloride ........................................................

Phthalic anhydride ..............................................................

Picloram ............................................................................

Total dust ............................................................….......

Respirable fraction ................…......................................

Picric acid ..........................................................................

Pindone (2-Pivalyl-1,3-indandione) ...….................................

Plaster of Paris ...................................................................

Total dust ............................................................….......

Respirable fraction .....….................................................

Platinum (as Pt) .................................................................

Metal ............................................................................

Soluble salts ........................….......................................

Portland cement .................................................................

Total dust ......................................….............................

Respirable fraction ..........................…............................

Propane ............................................................................

beta-Propriolactone; see 1910.1013 .....................….............

n-Propyl acetate .................................................................

n-Propyl alcohol .................................................................

n-Propyl nitrate ..................................................................

Propylene dichloride ...........................................................

Propylene imine .................................................................

Propylene oxide .................................................................

Propyne; see Methyl acetylene.

Pyrethrum .........................................................................

Pyridine .............................................................................

Quinone ............................................................................

RDX; see Cyclonite.

Rhodium (as Rh), metal fume and insoluble compounds ...……

Rhodium (as Rh), soluble compounds ...............................….

Ronnel ..............................................................................

Rotenone ..........................................................................

Rouge ...............................................................................

Total dust ......................……..........................................

Respirable fraction .............………....................................

Selenium compounds (as Se) ...….........................................

Selenium hexafluoride (as Se) ...…….....................................

Silica, amorphous, precipitated and gel ........…......................

Silica, amorphous, diatomaceous earth, containing less than 1% crystalline silica.

Silica, crystalline cristobalite, respirable dust ..….....................

Silica, crystalline quartz, respirable dust ...........…..................

Silica, crystalline tripoli (as quartz), respirable dust ...……........

Silica, crystalline tridymite, respirable dust ..................….......

Silica, fused, respirable dust ................................................

Silicates (less than 1% crystalline silica) ...........................…..

Mica (respirable dust) ...............................................……

Soapstone, total dust .....................................................

Soapstone, respirable dust .........…..................................

Talc (containing asbestos); use asbestos limit; see 29 CFR 1910.1001.

Talc (containing no asbestos), respirable dust ...………........

Tremolite, asbestiform; see 1910.1001.

Silicon ...............................................................................

Total dust ........................…...........................................

Respirable fraction ..........…............................................

Silicon carbide ...................................................................

Total dust ..............................................……..................

Respirable fraction ............…............................…............

Silver, metal and soluble compounds (as Ag) ..........…............

Soapstone; see Silicates.

Sodium fluoroacetate ..........................................................

Sodium hydroxide ..............................................................

Starch ...............................................................................

Total dust .....................................................................

Respirable fraction ......................…................................

7664–38–2

7723–14–0

10026–13–8

1314–80–3

7719–12–2

85–44–9

1918–02–1

88–89–1

83–26–1

26499–65–0

7440–06–4

65997–15–1

74–98–6

57–57–8

109–60–4

71–23–8

627–13–4

78–87–5

75–55–8

75–56–9

8003–34–7

110–86–1

106–51–4

7440–16–6

299–84–3

83–79–4

7782–49–2

7783–79–1

112926–00–8

61790–53–2

14464–46–1

14808–60–7

1317–95–9

15468–32–3

60676–86–0

12001–26–2

.....................

14807–96–6

7440–21–3

409–21–2

7440–22–4

62–74–8

1310–73–2

9005–25–8

.....................

0.5

.....................

1000

200

100

.....................

0.1

.....................

0.05

.....................

0.1

....................

0.002

1800

840

500

110

350

240

0.4

0.1

0.001

0.2

0.4

(³)

0.01

.05

TABLE Z–1—LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS—Continued

Substance

CAS No. (c)

ppm (a)¹

mg/m³ (b)¹

Skin Designation

Stibine ...............................................................................

Stoddard solvent .......................….......................................

Strychnine ..........................................................................

Styrene ..............................................................................

Sucrose .............................................................................

Total dust ......................................................................

Respirable fraction .............……........................................

Sulfur dioxide .....................................................................

Sulfur hexafluoride ..............................................................

Sulfuric acid .......................................................................

Sulfur monochloride ............................................................

Sulfur pentafluoride .............................................................

Sulfuryl fluoride ..................................................................

Systox; see Demeton.

2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) ...........................

Talc; see Silicates.

Tantalum, metal and oxide dust .............…............................

TEDP (Sulfotep) ..................................................................

Tellurium and compounds (as Te) ...................................…...

Tellurium hexafluoride (as Te) ..............................................

Temephos ..........................................................................

Total dust ....................................................................

Respirable fraction .......…................................................

TEPP (Tetraethyl pyrophosphate) ..….....................................

Terphenyls ......................................................…................

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane ..................................

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane ..................................

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane ...................................................

Tetrachloroethylene; see Perchloroethylene.

Tetrachloromethane; see Carbon tetrachloride.

Tetrachloronaphthalene .......................................................

Tetraethyl lead (as Pb) ........................................................

Tetrahydrofuran ..................................................................

Tetramethyl lead (as Pb) .............................................…...…

Tetramethyl succinonitrile ....................................................

Tetranitromethane ..............................................................

Tetryl (2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine) ...…....................

Thallium, soluble compounds (as Tl) ...............…....................

4,4′-Thiobis (6-tert, Butyl-m-cresol) .................…..................

Total dust ......................................................….............

Respirable fraction .....…..................................................

Thiram ...............................................................................

Tin, inorganic compounds (except oxides) (as Sn) .……...........

Tin, organic compounds (as Sn) ..............................…...........

Titanium dioxide .................................................................

Total dust ......................................................................

Toluene .............................................................................

Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) ............................................

o-Toluidine .........................................................................

Toxaphene; see Chlorinated camphene.

Tremolite; see Silicates.

Tributyl phosphate ..........................….................................

1,1,1-Trichloroethane; see Methyl chloroform.

1,1,2-Trichloroethane ..........................................................

Trichloroethylene ................................................................

Trichloromethane; see Chloroform.

Trichloronaphthalene ...........................................................

1,2,3-Trichloropropane ........................................................

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane ...................................

Triethylamine .....................................................................

Trifluorobromomethane .......................................................

2,4,6-Trinitrophenol; see Picric acid.

2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine; see Tetryl.

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) ..................................................

Triorthocresyl phosphate .....................................................

Triphenyl phosphate ............................................................

Turpentine .........................................................................

Uranium (as U) ...................................................................

Soluble compounds ............…..........................................

Insoluble compounds ............….......................................

7803–52–3

8052–41–3

57–24–9

100–42–5

57–50–1

7446–09–5

2551–62–4

7664–93–9

10025–67–9

5714–22–7

2699–79–8

93–76–5

7440–25–7

3689–24–5

13494–80–9

7783–80–4

3383–96–8

107–49–3

26140–60–3

76–11–9

76–12–0

79–34–5

1335–88–2

78–00–2

109–99–9

75–74–1

3333–52–6

509–14–8

479–45–8

7440–28–0

96–69–5

137–26–8

7440–31–5

13463–67–7

108–88–3

584–84–9

95–53–4

126–73–8

79–00–5

79–01–6

1321–65–9

96–18–4

76–13–1

121–44–8

75–63–8

118–96–7

78–30–8

115–86–6

8006–64–2

7440–61–1

0.1

500

.....................

1000

.....................

0.025

.....................

0.02

.....................

500

.....................

200

.....................

0.5

.....................

1000

.....................

100

.....................

0.5

2900

0.15

(²)

6000

0.25

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.05

4170

0.075

590

0.075

1.5

0.1

(²)

300

7600

100

6100

1.5

0.1

560

0.05

0.25

TABLE Z–1—LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS—Continued

Substance

CAS No. (c)

ppm (a)¹

mg/m³ (b)¹

Skin Designation

Vanadium ...........................................................................

Respirable dust (as V2 O5) .........................…...................

Fume (as V2 O5) .............................................…............

Vegetable oil mist ...............................................................

Total dust ......................................................................

Respirable fraction ........................................................

Vinyl benzene; see Styrene.

Vinyl chloride; see 1910.1017 ..........…..................................

Vinyl cyanide; see Acrylonitrile.

Vinyl toluene ......................................................................

Warfarin .............................................................................

Xylenes (o-, m-, p-isomers) ..................................................

Xylidine ..............................................................................

Yttrium ..............................................................................

Zinc chloride fume ..............................................................

Zinc oxide fume ..................................................................

Zinc oxide ..........................................................................

Total dust ......................................................................

Respirable fraction ..................................….....................

Zinc stearate ......................................................................

Total dust ......................................................................

Respirable fraction ..........….............................................

Zirconium compounds (as Zr) …............................................

1314–62–1

75–01–4

25013–15–4

81–81–2

1330–20–7

1300–73–8

7440–65–5

7646–85–7

1314–13–2

557–05–1

7440–67–7

.....................

100

.....................

100

.....................

480

0.1

435

¹ The PELs are 8-hour TWAs unless otherwise noted; a (C) designation denotes a ceiling limit. They are to be determined from breathing-zone air samples.

(a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 °C and 760 torr.

(b) Milligrams of substance per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

(c) The CAS number is for information only. Enforcement is based on the substance name. For an entry covering more than one metal compound, measured as the metal, the CAS number for the metal is given—not CAS numbers for the individual compounds.

(d) The final benzene standard in 1910.1028 applies to all occupational exposures to benzene except in some circumstances the distribution and sale of fuels, sealed containers and pipelines, coke production, oil and gas drilling and production, natural gas processing, and the percentage exclusion for liquid mixtures; for the excepted subsegments, the benzene limits in Table Z–2 apply. See 1910.1028 for specific circumstances.

(e) This 8-hour TWA applies to respirable dust as measured by a vertical elutriator cotton dust sampler or equivalent instrument. The time-weighted average applies to the cotton waste processing operations of waste recycling (sorting, blending, cleaning and willowing) and garnetting. See also 1910.1043 for cotton dust limits applicable to other sectors.

(f) All inert or nuisance dusts, whether mineral, inorganic, or organic, not listed specifically by substance name are covered by the Particulates Not Otherwise Regulated (PNOR) limit which is the same as the inert or nuisance dust limit of Table Z–3.

² See Table Z–2.

³ See Table Z–3.

⁴ Varies with compound.

TABLE Z–2

Substance

8-hour time

weighted

average

Acceptable ceiling

concentration

Acceptable maximum peak above

acceptable ceiling concentration

for an 8-hr shift

Concentration

Maximum duration

Benzene^a (Z37.40–1969) ............…………...................

Beryllium and beryllium compounds (Z37.29–1970) …

Cadmium fume^b (Z37.5–1970) .............…………..........

Cadmium dust^b (Z37.5–1970) ...............…………........

Carbon disulfide (Z37.3–1968) .......................…………

Carbon tetrachloride (Z37.17–1967) ...........……………..

Chromic acid and chromates (Z37.7–1971) ....……………

Ethylene dibromide (Z37.31–1970) ..........................

Ethylene dichloride (Z37.21–1969) ..........................…

Fluoride as dust (Z37.28–1969) ......................…………

Formaldehyde; see 1910.1048 ................................

Hydrogen fluoride (Z37.28–1969) ...........................…

Hydrogen sulfide (Z37.2–1966) ...............................

Mercury (Z37.8–1971) .....................……………............

Methyl chloride (Z37.18–1969) .....................……………

Methylene Chloride: See § 1919.52..

Organo (alkyl) mercury (Z37.30–1969) ....…………….....

Styrene (Z37.15–1969) .......................................……

Tetrachloroethylene (Z37.22–1967) .......................…

Toluene (Z37.12–1967) ............……………...................

Trichloroethylene (Z37.19–1967) ............……………......

10 ppm .…......

2 μg/m³ ..…...

0.1 mg/m³ …..

0.2 mg/m³ .….

20 ppm ......….

10 ppm ......….

................…..

20 ppm ......….

50 ppm ......….

2.5 mg/m³ .….

..................…

3 ppm .......….

..................…

100 ppm ....….

0.01 mg/m³

100 ppm ....….

200 ppm ....….

100 ppm ....….

25 ppm ...........…

5 μg/m³ ..........…

0.3 mg/m³ .......

0.6 mg/m³.

30 ppm .....…...…

25 ppm ......…..…

1 mg/10m³.

30 ppm .......…..

100 ppm .......…

..................…..…

......................…

....................…..

20 ppm ..........….

1 mg/10m³ .....…

200 ppm ........…

0.04 mg/m³ .....

200 ppm ........…

300 ppm ........…

200 ppm ........…

50 ppm ...........…

25 μg/m³ ........….

.........................

100 ppm ..........

200 ppm ..........

50 ppm ..........….

200 ppm .........…

......................….

50 ppm .….......…

..............…....…..

300 ppm .…...…...

..............…..…....

600 ppm ..….…....

300 ppm ..…….....

500 ppm ..….......

300 ppm ..….......

10 minutes.

30 minutes.

5 min. in any 4 hrs.

5 minutes.

5 min. in any 3 hrs.

10 mins. once, only if no other meas. exp. occurs.

5 mins. in any 3 hrs.

10 minutes.

5 mins. in any 2 hrs.

^a This standard applies to the industry segments exempt from the 1 ppm 8-hour TWA and 5 ppm STEL of the benzene standard at 1910.1028.

^b This standard applies to any operations or sectors for which the Cadmium standard, 1910.1027, is stayed or otherwise not in effect.

TABLE Z–3—MINERAL DUSTS

Substance

mppcf ^a

mg/m³

Silica:

Crystalline

Quartz (Respirable) ...........................................................……................................................

Quartz (Total Dust) ........................................................……...................................................

Cristobalite: Use 1.2 the value calculated from the count or mass formulae for quartz

Tridymite: Use 1.2 the value calculated from the formulae for quartz

Amorphous, including natural diatomaceous earth ..............................................................................

Silicates (less than 1% crystalline silica):

Mica .........................................................................................................................................

Soapstone .................................................................................................................................

Talc (not containing asbestos) .....................................................................................................

Talc (containing asbestos) Use asbestos limit.

Tremolite, asbestiform (see 29 CFR 1910.1001).

Portland cement .........................................................................................................................

250 ^b

——————

%SiO₂+5

....................

20 ^c

10 mg/m³ ^e

——————

% SiO₂ + 2

30 mg/m³

——————

% SiO₂ + 2

80 mg/m³

——————

%SiO₂

TABLE Z–3—MINERAL DUSTS—Continued

Substance

mppcf ^a

mg/m³

Graphite (Natural) .........................................................…..............................................................

Coal Dust:

Respirable fraction less than 5% SiO₂ .........................…..............................................................

Respirable fraction greater than 5% SiO₂ ......................…............................................................

Inert or Nuisance Dust: ^d

Respirable fraction .........................................................……......................................................

Total dust ...........………………………………………………………………………………….....................................

......…............

2.4 mg/m³ ^e

——————

% SiO₂ + 2

10 mg/m³ ^e

——————

% SiO₂ + 2

5 mg/m³

15 mg/m³

Note—Conversion factors - mppcf × 35.3 = million particles per cubic meter = particles per c.c.

a Millions of particles per cubic foot of air, based on impinger samples counted by light-field techniques.

b The percentage of crystalline silica in the formula is the amount determined from airborne samples, except in those instances in which other methods have been shown to be applicable.

c Containing less than 1% quartz; if 1% quartz or more, use quartz limit.

d All inert or nuisance dusts, whether mineral, inorganic, or organic, not listed specifically by substance name are covered by this limit, which is the same as the Particulates Not Otherwise Regulated (PNOR) limit in Table Z–1.

e Both concentration and percent quartz for the application of this limit are to be determined from the fraction passing a sizeselector with the following characteristics:

Aerodynamic diameter (unit density sphere)

Percent passing

selector

2 .............................................................................................................................…….......................................

2.5 ..................................................................................................................................…..................................

3.5 .............................................................................................................................….......................................

5.0 ..............................................................................................................................…......................................

10 ....................................................................................................................................….................................

The measurements under this note refer to the use of an AEC (now NRC) instrument. The respirable fraction of coal dust is determined with an MRE; the figure corresponding to that of 2.4 mg/m³ in the table for coal dust is 4.5 mg/m^3K.

[58 FR 35340, June 30. 1993; 58 FR 40191, July 27, 1993, as amended at 61 FR 56831, Nov. 4, 1996; 62 FR 1600, Jan. 10, 1997; 62 FR 42018, Aug. 4, 1997]

§ 1910.1450 Occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories.

(a) Scope and application. (1) This section shall apply to all employers engaged in the laboratory use of hazardous chemicals as defined below.

(2) Where this section applies, it shall supersede, for laboratories, the requirements of all other OSHA health standards in 29 CFR part 1910, subpart Z, except as follows:

(i) For any OSHA health standard, only the requirement to limit employee exposure to the specific permissible exposure limit shall apply for laboratories, unless that particular standard states otherwise or unless the conditions of paragraph (a)(2)(iii) of this section apply.

(ii) Prohibition of eye and skin contact where specified by any OSHA health standard shall be observed.

(iii) Where the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the permissible exposure limit) is routinely exceeded for an OSHA regulated substance with exposure monitoring and medical surveillance requirements, paragraphs (d) and (g)(1)(ii) of this section shall apply.

(3) This section shall not apply to:

(i) Uses of hazardous chemicals which do not meet the definition of laboratory use, and in such cases, the employer shall comply with the relevant standard in 29 CFR part 1910, subpart Z, even if such use occurs in a laboratory.

(ii) Laboratory uses of hazardous chemicals which provide no potential for employee exposure. Examples of such conditions might include:

(A) Procedures using chemically-impregnated test media such as Dip-and- Read tests where a reagent strip is dipped into the specimen to be tested and the results are interpreted by comparing the color reaction to a color chart supplied by the manufacturer of the test strip; and

(B) Commercially prepared kits such as those used in performing pregnancy tests in which all of the reagents needed to conduct the test are contained in the kit.

(b) Definitions—

Action level means a concentration designated in 29 CFR part 1910 for a specific substance, calculated as an eight (8)-hour time-weighted average, which initiates certain required activities such as exposure monitoring and medical surveillance.

Assistant Secretary means the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Labor, or designee.

Carcinogen (see select carcinogen).

Chemical Hygiene Officer means an employee who is designated by the employer, and who is qualified by training or experience, to provide technical guidance in the development and implementation of the provisions of the Chemical Hygiene Plan. This definition is not intended to place limitations on the position description or job classification that the designated individual shall hold within the employer’s organizational structure.

Chemical Hygiene Plan means a written program developed and implemented by the employer which sets forth procedures, equipment, personal protective equipment and work practices that (i) are capable of protecting employees from the health hazards presented by hazardous chemicals used in that particular workplace and (ii) meets the requirements of paragraph (e) of this section.

Combustible liquid means any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 100 °F (37.8 °C), but below 200 °F (93.3 °C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 200 °F (93.3 °C), or higher, the total volume of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture.

Compressed gas means:

(i) A gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 40 psi at 70 °F (21.1 °C); or

(ii) A gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130 °F (54.4 °C) regardless of the pressure at 70 °F (21.1 °C); or

(iii) A liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100 °F (37.8 °C) as determined by ASTM D–323–72.

Designated area means an area which may be used for work with ‘‘select carcinogens,’’ reproductive toxins or substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity. A designated area may be the entire laboratory, an area of a laboratory or a device such as a laboratory hood.

Emergency means any occurrence such as, but not limited to, equipment failure, rupture of containers or failure of control equipment which results in an uncontrolled release of a hazardous chemical into the workplace.

Employee means an individual employed in a laboratory workplace who may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in the course of his or her assignments.

Explosive means a chemical that causes a sudden, almost instantaneous release of pressure, gas, and heat when subjected to sudden shock, pressure, or high temperature.

Flammable means a chemical that falls into one of the following categories:

(i) Aerosol, flammable means an aerosol that, when tested by the method described in 16 CFR 1500.45, yields a flame protection exceeding 18 inches at full valve opening, or a flashback (a flame extending back to the valve) at any degree of valve opening;

(ii) Gas, flammable means:

(A) A gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a flammable mixture with air at a concentration of 13 percent by volume or less; or

(B) A gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a range of flammable mixtures with air wider than 12 percent by volume, regardless of the lower limit.

(iii) Liquid, flammable means any liquid having a flashpoint below 100 °F (37.8 °C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 100 °F (37.8 °C) or higher, the total of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture.

(iv) Solid, flammable means a solid, other than a blasting agent or explosive as defined in § 1910.109(a), that is liable to cause fire through friction, absorption of moisture, spontaneous chemical change, or retained heat from manufacturing or processing, or which can be ignited readily and when ignited burns so vigorously and persistently as to create a serious hazard. A chemical shall be considered to be a flammable solid if, when tested by the method described in 16 CFR 1500.44, it ignites and burns with a self-sustained flame at a rate greater than one-tenth of an inch per second along its major axis.

Flashpoint means the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off a vapor in sufficient concentration to ignite when tested as follows:

(i) Tagliabue Closed Tester (See American National Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester, Z11.24–1979 (ASTM D 56–79))-for liquids with a viscosity of less than 45 Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) at 100 °F (37.8 °C), that do not contain suspended solids and do not have a tendency to form a surface film under test; or

(ii) Pensky-Martens Closed Tester (see American National Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Tester, Z11.7– 1979 (ASTM D 93–79))-for liquids with a viscosity equal to or greater than 45 SUS at 100 °F (37.8 °C), or that contain suspended solids, or that have a tendency to form a surface film under test; or

(iii) Setaflash Closed Tester (see American National Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Setaflash Closed Tester (ASTM D 3278–78)).

Organic peroxides, which undergo autoaccelerating thermal decomposition, are excluded from any of the flashpoint determination methods specified above.

Hazardous chemical means a chemical for which there is statistically significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees. The term health hazard includes chemicals which are carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, agents which act on the hematopoietic systems, and agents which damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes.

Appendices A and B of the Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) provide further guidance in defining the scope of health hazards and determining whether or not a chemical is to be considered hazardous for purposes of this standard.

Laboratory means a facility where the ‘‘laboratory use of hazardous chemicals’’ occurs. It is a workplace where relatively small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a nonproduction basis.

Laboratory scale means work with substances in which the containers used for reactions, transfers, and other handling of substances are designed to be easily and safely manipulated by one person. ‘‘Laboratory scale’’ excludes those workplaces whose function is to produce commercial quantities of materials.

Laboratory-type hood means a device located in a laboratory, enclosure on five sides with a moveable sash or fixed partial enclosed on the remaining side; constructed and maintained to draw air from the laboratory and to prevent or minimize the escape of air contaminants into the laboratory; and allows chemical manipulations to be conducted in the enclosure without insertion of any portion of the employee’s body other than hands and arms.

Walk-in hoods with adjustable sashes meet the above definition provided that the sashes are adjusted during use so that the airflow and the exhaust of air contaminants are not compromised and employees do not work inside the enclosure during the release of airborne hazardous chemicals.

Laboratory use of hazardous chemicals means handling or use of such chemicals in which all of the following conditions are met:

(i) Chemical manipulations are carried out on a ‘‘laboratory scale;’’

(ii) Multiple chemical procedures or chemicals are used;

(iii) The procedures involved are not part of a production process, nor in any way simulate a production process; and

(iv) ‘‘Protective laboratory practices and equipment’’ are available and in common use to minimize the potential for employee exposure to hazardous chemicals.

Medical consultation means a consultation which takes place between an employee and a licensed physician for the purpose of determining what medical examinations or procedures, if any, are appropriate in cases where a significant exposure to a hazardous chemical may have taken place.

Organic peroxide means an organic compound that contains the bivalent −O−O− structure and which may be considered to be a structural derivative of hydrogen peroxide where one or both of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an organic radical.

Oxidizer means a chemical other than a blasting agent or explosive as defined in § 1910.109(a), that initiates or promotes combustion in other materials, thereby causing fire either of itself or through the release of oxygen or other gases.

Physical hazard means a chemical for which there is scientifically valid evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a compressed gas, explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer, pyrophoric, unstable (reactive) or water-reactive.

Protective laboratory practices and equipment means those laboratory procedures, practices and equipment accepted by laboratory health and safety experts as effective, or that the employer can show to be effective, in minimizing the potential for employee exposure to hazardous chemicals.

Reproductive toxins means chemicals which affect the reproductive capabilities including chromosomal damage (mutations) and effects on fetuses (teratogenesis)

Select carcinogen means any substance which meets one of the following criteria:

(i) It is regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen; or

(ii) It is listed under the category, ‘‘known to be carcinogens,’’ in the Annual Report on Carcinogens published by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) (latest edition); or

(iii) It is listed under Group 1 (‘‘carcinogenic to humans’’) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs (IARC) (latest editions); or

(iv) It is listed in either Group 2A or 2B by IARC or under the category, ‘‘reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens’’ by NTP, and causes statistically significant tumor incidence in experimental animals in accordance with any of the following criteria:

(A) After inhalation exposure of 6–7 hours per day, 5 days per week, for a significant portion of a lifetime to dosages of less than 10 mg/m3;

(B) After repeated skin application of less than 300 (mg/kg of body weight) per week; or

Unstable (reactive) means a chemical which is the pure state, or as produced or transported, will vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense, or will become self-reactive under conditions of shocks, pressure or temperature.

Water-reactive means a chemical that reacts with water to release a gas that is either flammable or presents a health hazard.

(c) Permissible exposure limits. For laboratory uses of OSHA regulated substances, the employer shall assure that laboratory employees’ exposures to such substances do not exceed the permissible exposure limits specified in 29 CFR part 1910, subpart Z.

(d) Employee exposure determination— (1) Initial monitoring. The employer shall measure the employee’s exposure to any substance regulated by a standard which requires monitoring if there is reason to believe that exposure levels for that substance routinely exceed the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the PEL).

(2) Periodic monitoring. If the initial monitoring prescribed by paragraph (d)(1) of this section discloses employee exposure over the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the PEL), the employer shall immediately comply with the exposure monitoring provisions of the relevant standard.

(3) Termination of monitoring. Monitoring may be terminated in accordance with the relevant standard.

(4) Employee notification of monitoring results. The employer shall, within 15 working days after the receipt of any monitoring results, notify the employee of these results in writing either individually or by posting results in an appropriate location that is accessible to employees.

(e) Chemical hygiene plan—General. (Appendix A of this section is non-mandatory but provides guidance to assist

employers in the development of the Chemical Hygiene Plan.)

(1) Where hazardous chemicals as defined by this standard are used in the workplace, the employer shall develop and carry out the provisions of a written Chemical Hygiene Plan which is:

(i) Capable of protecting employees from health hazards associated with hazardous chemicals in that laboratory and

(ii) Capable of keeping exposures below the limits specified in paragraph (c) of this section.

(2) The Chemical Hygiene Plan shall be readily available to employees, employee representatives and, upon request, to the Assistant Secretary.

(3) The Chemical Hygiene Plan shall include each of the following elements and shall indicate specific measures that the employer will take to ensure laboratory employee protection:

(i) Standard operating procedures relevant to safety and health considerations to be followed when laboratory work involves the use of hazardous chemicals;

(ii) Criteria that the employer will use to determine and implement control measures to reduce employee exposure to hazardous chemicals including engineering controls, the use of personal protective equipment and hygiene practices; particular attention shall be given to the selection of control measures for chemicals that are known to be extremely hazardous;

(iii) A requirement that fume hoods and other protective equipment are functioning properly and specific measures that shall be taken to ensure proper and adequate performance of such equipment;

(iv) Provisions for employee information and training as prescribed in paragraph (f) of this section;

(v) The circumstances under which a particular laboratory operation, procedure or activity shall require prior approval from the employer or the employer’s designee before implementation;

(vi) Provisions for medical consultation and medical examinations in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section;

(vii) Designation of personnel responsible for implementation of the Chemical Hygiene Plan including the assignment of a Chemical Hygiene Officer and, if appropriate, establishment of a Chemical Hygiene Committee; and

(viii) Provisions for additional employee protection for work with particularly hazardous substances. These include ‘‘select carcinogens,’’ reproductive toxins and substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity. Specific consideration shall be given to the following provisions which shall be included where appropriate:

(A) Establishment of a designated area;

(B) Use of containment devices such as fume hoods or glove boxes;

(D) Decontamination procedures.

(4) The employer shall review and evaluate the effectiveness of the Chemical Hygiene Plan at least annually and update it as necessary.

(f) Employee information and training. (1) The employer shall provide employees with information and training to ensure that they are apprised of the hazards of chemicals present in their work area.

(2) Such information shall be provided at the time of an employee’s initial assignment to a work area where hazardous chemicals are present and prior to assignments involving new exposure situations. The frequency of refresher information and training shall be determined by the employer.

(3) Information. Employees shall be informed of:

(i) The contents of this standard and its appendices which shall be made available to employees;

(ii) The location and availability of the employer’s Chemical Hygiene Plan;

(iii) The permissible exposure limits for OSHA regulated substances or recommended exposure limits for other hazardous chemicals where there is no applicable OSHA standard;

(iv) Signs and symptoms associated with exposures to hazardous chemicals used in the laboratory; and

(v) The location and availability of known reference material on the hazards, safe handling, storage and disposal of hazardous chemicals found in the laboratory including, but not limited to, Material Safety Data Sheets received from the chemical supplier.

(4) Training. (i) Employee training shall include:

(A) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical (such as monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, visual appearance or odor of hazardous chemicals when being released, etc.);

(B) The physical and health hazards of chemicals in the work area; and

(C) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including specific procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used.

(ii) The employee shall be trained on the applicable details of the employer’s written Chemical Hygiene Plan.

(g) Medical consultation and medical examinations. (1) The employer shall provide all employees who work with hazardous chemicals an opportunity to receive medical attention, including any follow-up examinations which the examining physician determines to be necessary, under the following circumstances:

(i) Whenever an employee develops signs or symptoms associated with a hazardous chemical to which the employee may have been exposed in the laboratory, the employee shall be provided an opportunity to receive an appropriate medical examination.

(ii) Where exposure monitoring reveals an exposure level routinely above the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the PEL) for an OSHA regulated substance for which there are exposure monitoring and medical surveillance requirements, medical surveillance shall be established for the affected employee as prescribed by the particular standard.

(iii) Whenever an event takes place in the work area such as a spill, leak, explosion or other occurrence resulting in the likelihood of a hazardous exposure, the affected employee shall be provided an opportunity for a medical consultation. Such consultation shall be for the purpose of determining the need for a medical examination.

(2) All medical examinations and consultations shall be performed by or under the direct supervision of a licensed physician and shall be provided without cost to the employee, without loss of pay and at a reasonable time and place.

(3) Information provided to the physician. The employer shall provide the following information to the physician:

(i) The identity of the hazardous chemical(s) to which the employee may have been exposed;

(ii) A description of the conditions under which the exposure occurred including quantitative exposure data, if available; and

(iii) A description of the signs and symptoms of exposure that the employee is experiencing, if any.

(4) Physician’s written opinion. (i) For examination or consultation required under this standard, the employer shall obtain a written opinion from the examining physician which shall include the following:

(A) Any recommendation for further medical follow-up;

(B) The results of the medical examination and any associated tests;

(C) Any medical condition which may be revealed in the course of the examination which may place the employee at increased risk as a result of exposure to a hazardous chemical found in the workplace; and

(D) A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results of the consultation or medical examination and any medical condition that may require further examination or treatment.

(ii) The written opinion shall not reveal specific findings of diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure.

(h) Hazard identification. (1) With respect to labels and material safety data sheets:

(i) Employers shall ensure that labels on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals are not removed or defaced.

(ii) Employers shall maintain any material safety data sheets that are received with incoming shipments of hazardous chemicals, and ensure that they are readily accessible to laboratory employees.

(2) The following provisions shall apply to chemical substances developed in the laboratory:

(i) If the composition of the chemical substance which is produced exclusively for the laboratory’s use is known, the employer shall determine if it is a hazardous chemical as defined in paragraph (b) of this section. If the chemical is determined to be hazardous, the employer shall provide appropriate training as required under paragraph (f) of this section.

(ii) If the chemical produced is a byproduct whose composition is not known, the employer shall assume that the substance is hazardous and shall implement paragraph (e) of this section.

(iii) If the chemical substance is produced for another user outside of the laboratory, the employer shall comply with the Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) including the requirements for preparation of material safety data sheets and labeling.

(i) Use of respirators. Where the use of respirators is necessary to maintain exposure below permissible exposure limits, the employer shall provide, at no cost to the employee, the proper respiratory equipment. Respirators shall be selected and used in accordance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134.

(j) Recordkeeping. (1) The employer shall establish and maintain for each employee an accurate record of any measurements taken to monitor employee exposures and any medical consultation and examinations including tests or written opinions required by this standard.

(2) The employer shall assure that such records are kept, transferred, and made available in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20.

(k) Dates—(1) Effective date. This section shall become effective May 1, 1990.

(2) Start-up dates. (i) Employers shall have developed and implemented a written Chemical Hygiene Plan no later than January 31, 1991.

(ii) Paragraph (a)(2) of this section shall not take effect until the employer has developed and implemented a written Chemical Hygiene Plan.

(l) Appendices. The information contained in the appendices is not intended, by itself, to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed or to detract from any existing obligation.

APPENDIX A TO § 1910.1450—NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING CHEMICAL HYGIENE IN LABORATORIES (NON-MANDATORY)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword

Corresponding Sections of the Standard and This Appendix

A. General Principles

1. Minimize all Chemical Exposures

2. Avoid Underestimation of Risk

3. Provide Adequate Ventilation

4. Institute a Chemical Hygiene Program

5. Observe the PELs and TLVs

B. Responsibilities

1. Chief Executive Officer

2. Supervisor of Administrative Unit

3. Chemical Hygiene Officer

4. Laboratory Supervisor

5. Project Director

6. Laboratory Worker

C. The Laboratory Facility

1. Design

2. Maintenance

3. Usage

4. Ventilation

D. Components of the Chemical Hygiene Plan

1. Basic Rules and Procedures

2. Chemical Procurement, Distribution, and Storage

3. Environmental Monitoring

4. Housekeeping, Maintenance and Inspections

5. Medical Program

6. Personal Protective Apparel and Equipment

7. Records

8. Signs and Labels

9. Spills and Accidents

10. Training and Information

11. Waste Disposal

E. General Procedures for Working With Chemicals

1. General Rules for all Laboratory Work with Chemicals

2. Allergens and Embryotoxins

3. Chemicals of Moderate Chronic or High Acute Toxicity

4. Chemicals of High Chronic Toxicity

5. Animal Work with Chemicals of High Chronic Toxicity

F. Safety Recommendations

G. Material Safety Data Sheets Foreword

As guidance for each employer’s development of an appropriate laboratory Chemical Hygiene Plan, the following non-mandatory recommendations are provided. They were extracted from ‘‘Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories’’ (referred to below as ‘‘Prudent Practices’’), which was published in 1981 by the National Research Council and is available from the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Ave., NW., Washington DC 20418.

‘‘Prudent Practices’’ is cited because of its wide distribution and acceptance and because of its preparation by members of the laboratory community through the sponsorship of the National Research Council. However, none of the recommendations given here will modify any requirements of the laboratory standard. This Appendix merely presents pertinent recommendations from ‘‘Prudent Practices’’, organized into a form convenient for quick reference during operation of a laboratory facility and during development and application of a Chemical Hygiene Plan. Users of this appendix should consult ‘‘Prudent Practices’’ for a more extended presentation and justification for each recommendation.

‘‘Prudent Practices’’ deals with both safety and chemical hazards while the laboratory standard is concerned primarily with chemical hazards. Therefore, only those recommendations directed primarily toward control of toxic exposures are cited in this appendix, with the term ‘‘chemical hygiene’’ being substituted for the word ‘‘safety’’. However, since conditions producing or threatening physical injury often pose toxic risks as well, page references concerning major categories of safety hazards in the laboratory are given in section F.

The recommendations from ‘‘Prudent Practices’’ have been paraphrased, combined, or otherwise reorganized, and headings have been added. However, their sense has not been changed.

Corresponding Sections of the Standard and thisAppendix

The following table is given for the convenience of those who are developing a Chemical Hygiene Plan which will satisfy the requirements of paragraph (e) of the standard. It indicates those sections of this appendix which are most pertinent to each of the sections of paragraph (e) and related paragraphs.

Paragraph and topic in laboratory standard

Relevant

appendix

section

(e)(3)(i) Standard operating procedures for handling toxic chemicals.

(e)(3)(ii) Criteria to be used for implementation of measures to reduce exposures.

(e)(3)(iii) Fume hoof performance ….…………….

(e)(3)(iv) Employee information and training (including emergency procedures).

(e)(3)(v) Requirements for prior approval of laboratory activities

(e)(3)(vi) Medical consultations and medical examinations.

(e)(3)(vii) Chemical hygiene responsibilities …..

(e)(3)(viii) Special precautions for work with particularly hazardous substances.

C, D, E

C4b

D10, D9

E2b, E4b

D5, E4f

E2, E3, E4

In this appendix, those recommendations directed primarily at administrators and supervisors are given in sections A–D. Those recommendations of primary concern to employees who are actually handling laboratory chemicals are given in section E. (Reference to page numbers in ‘‘Prudent Practices’’ are given in parentheses.)

A. General Principles for Work with Laboratory Chemicals

In addition to the more detailed recommendations listed below in sections B–E, ‘‘Prudent Practices’’ expresses certain general principles, including the following:

1. It is prudent to minimize all chemical exposures. Because few laboratory chemicals are without hazards, general precautions for handling all laboratory chemicals should be adopted, rather than specific guidelines for particular chemicals (2, 10). Skin contact with chemicals should be avoided as a cardinal rule (198).

2. Avoid underestimation of risk. Even for substances of no known significant hazard, exposure should be minimized; for work with substances which present special hazards, special precautions should be taken (10, 37, 38). One should assume that any mixture will be more toxic than its most toxic component (30, 103) and that all substances of unknown toxicity are toxic (3, 34).

3. Provide adequate ventilation. The best way to prevent exposure to airborne substances is to prevent their escape into the working atmosphere by use of hoods and other ventilation devices (32, 198).

4. Institute a chemical hygiene program. A mandatory chemical hygiene program designed to minimize exposures is needed; it should be a regular, continuing effort, not merely a standby or short-term activity (6, 11). Its recommendations should be followed in academic teaching laboratories as well as by full-time laboratory workers (13).

5. Observe the PELs, TLVs. The Permissible Exposure Limits of OSHA and the Threshold Limit Values of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists should not be exceeded (13).

B. Chemical Hygiene Responsibilities

Responsibility for chemical hygiene rests at all levels (6, 11, 21) including the:

1. Chief executive officer, who has ultimate responsibility for chemical hygiene within the institution and must, with other administrators, provide continuing support for institutional chemical hygiene (7, 11).

2. Supervisor of the department or other administrative unit, who is responsible for chemical hygiene in that unit (7).

3. Chemical hygiene officer(s), whose appointment is essential (7) and who must:

(a) Work with administrators and other employees to develop and implement appropriate chemical hygiene policies and practices (7);

(b) Monitor procurement, use, and disposal of chemicals used in the lab (8);

(d) Help project directors develop precautions and adequate facilities (10);

(e) Know the current legal requirements concerning regulated substances (50); and

(f) Seek ways to improve the chemical hygiene program (8, 11).

4. Laboratory supervisor, who has overall responsibility for chemical hygiene in the laboratory (21) including responsibility to:

(a) Ensure that workers know and follow the chemical hygiene rules, that protective equipment is available and in working order, and that appropriate training has been provided (21, 22);

(b) Provide regular, formal chemical hygiene and housekeeping inspections including routine inspections of emergency equipment (21, 171);

(d) Determine the required levels of protective apparel and equipment (156, 160, 162); and

(e) Ensure that facilities and training for use of any material being ordered are adequate (215).

5. Project director or director of other specific operation, who has primary responsibility for chemical hygiene procedures for that operation (7).

6. Laboratory worker, who is responsible for:

(a) Planning and conducting each operation in accordance with the institutional chemical hygiene procedures (7, 21, 22, 230); and

(b) Developing good personal chemical hygiene habits (22).

C. The Laboratory Facility

1. Design. The laboratory facility should have:

(a) An appropriate general ventilation system (see C4 below) with air intakes and exhausts located so as to avoid intake of contaminated air (194);

(b) Adequate, well-ventilated stockrooms/ storerooms (218, 219);

(d) Other safety equipment including eyewash fountains and drench showers (162, 169); and

(e) Arrangements for waste disposal (12, 240).

2. Maintenance. Chemical-hygiene-related equipment (hoods, incinerator, etc.) should undergo continuing appraisal and be modified if inadequate (11, 12).

3. Usage. The work conducted (10) and its scale (12) must be appropriate to the physical facilities available and, especially, to the quality of ventilation (13).

4. Ventilation—(a) General laboratory ventilation. This system should: Provide a source of air for breathing and for input to local ventilation devices (199); it should not be relied on for protection from toxic substances released into the laboratory (198); ensure that laboratory air is continually replaced, preventing increase of air concentrations of toxic substances during the working day (194); direct air flow into the laboratory from non-laboratory areas and out to the exterior of the building (194).

(b) Hoods. A laboratory hood with 2.5 linear feet of hood space per person should be provided for every 2 workers if they spend most of their time working with chemicals (199); each hood should have a continuous monitoring device to allow convenient confirmation of adequate hood performance before use (200, 209). If this is not possible, work with substances of unknown toxicity should be avoided (13) or other types of local ventilation devices should be provided (199). See pp. 201–206 for a discussion of hood design, construction, and evaluation.

(c) Other local ventilation devices. Ventilated storage cabinets, canopy hoods, snorkels, etc. should be provided as needed (199). Each canopy hood and snorkel should have a separate exhaust duct (207).

(d) Special ventilation areas. Exhaust air from glove boxes and isolation rooms should be passed through scrubbers or other treatment before release into the regular exhaust system (208). Cold rooms and warm rooms should have provisions for rapid escape and for escape in the event of electrical failure (209).

(e) Modifications. Any alteration of the ventilation system should be made only if thorough testing indicates that worker protection from airborne toxic substances will continue to be adequate (12, 193, 204).

(f) Performance. Rate: 4–12 room air changes/hour is normally adequate general ventilation if local exhaust systems such as hoods are used as the primary method of control (194).

(g) Quality. General air flow should not be turbulent and should be relatively uniform throughout the laboratory, with no high velocity or static areas (194, 195); airflow into and within the hood should not be excessively turbulent (200); hood face velocity should be adequate (typically 60–100 lfm) (200, 204).

(h) Evaluation. Quality and quantity of ventilation should be evaluated on installation (202), regularly monitored (at least every 3 months) (6, 12, 14, 195), and reevaluated whenever a change in local ventilation devices is made (12, 195, 207). See pp. 195–198 for methods of evaluation and for calculation of estimated airborne contaminant concentrations.

D. Components of the Chemical Hygiene Plan

1. Basic Rules and Procedures (Recommendations for these are given in section E, below)

2. Chemical Procurement, Distribution, and Storage

(a) Procurement. Before a substance is received, information on proper handling, storage, and disposal should be known to those who will be involved (215, 216). No container should be accepted without an adequate identifying label (216). Preferably, all substances should be received in a central location (216).

(b) Stockrooms/storerooms. Toxic substances should be segregated in a well-identified area with local exhaust ventilation (221). Chemicals which are highly toxic (227) or other chemicals whose containers have been opened should be in unbreakable secondary containers (219). Stored chemicals should be examined periodically (at least annually) for replacement, deterioration, and container integrity (218–19).

Stockrooms/storerooms should not be used as preparation or repackaging areas, should be open during normal working hours, and should be controlled by one person (219).

(c) Distribution. When chemicals are hand carried, the container should be placed in an outside container or bucket. Freight-only elevators should be used if possible (223).

(d) Laboratory storage. Amounts permitted should be as small as practical. Storage on bench tops and in hoods is inadvisable. Exposure to heat or direct sunlight should be avoided. Periodic inventories should be conducted, with unneeded items being discarded or returned to the storeroom/stockroom (225– 6, 229).

3. Environmental Monitoring

Regular instrumental monitoring of airborne concentrations is not usually justified or practical in laboratories but may be appropriate when testing or redesigning hoods or other ventilation devices (12) or when a highly toxic substance is stored or used regularly (e.g., 3 times/week) (13).

4. Housekeeping, Maintenance, and Inspections

(a) Cleaning. Floors should be cleaned regularly (24).

(b) Inspections. Formal housekeeping and chemical hygiene inspections should be held at least quarterly (6, 21) for units which have frequent personnel changes and semiannually for others; informal inspections should be continual (21).

(c) Maintenance. Eye wash fountains should be inspected at intervals of not less than 3 months (6). Respirators for routine use should be inspected periodically by the laboratory supervisor (169). Safety showers should be tested routinely (169). Other safety equipment should be inspected regularly. (e.g., every 3–6 months) (6, 24, 171). Procedures to prevent restarting of out-of-service equipment should be established (25).

(d) Passageways. Stairways and hallways should not be used as storage areas (24). Access to exits, emergency equipment, and utility controls should never be blocked (24).

5. Medical Program

(a) Compliance with regulations. Regular medical surveillance should be established to the extent required by regulations (12).

(b) Routine surveillance. Anyone whose work involves regular and frequent handling of toxicologically significant quantities of a chemical should consult a qualified physician to determine on an individual basis whether a regular schedule of medical surveillance is desirable (11, 50).

(c) First aid. Personnel trained in first aid should be available during working hours and an emergency room with medical personnel should be nearby (173). See pp. 176–178 for description of some emergency first aid procedures.

6. Protective Apparel and Equipment

These should include for each laboratory:

(a) Protective apparel compatible with the required degree of protection for substances being handled (158–161);

(b) An easily accessible drench-type safety shower (162, 169);

(d) A fire extinguisher (162–164);

(e) Respiratory protection (164–9), fire alarm and telephone for emergency use (162) should be available nearby; and

(f) Other items designated by the laboratory supervisor (156, 160).

7. Records

(a) Accident records should be written and retained (174).

(b) Chemical Hygiene Plan records should document that the facilities and precautions were compatible with current knowledge and regulations (7).

(d) Medical records should be retained by the institution in accordance with the requirements of state and federal regulations (12).

8. Signs and Labels

Prominent signs and labels of the following types should be posted:

(a) Emergency telephone numbers of emergency personnel/facilities, supervisors, and laboratory workers (28);

(b) Identity labels, showing contents of containers (including waste receptacles) and associated hazards (27, 48);

(c) Location signs for safety showers, eyewash stations, other safety and first aid equipment, exits (27) and areas where food and beverage consumption and storage are permitted (24); and

(d) Warnings at areas or equipment where special or unusual hazards exist (27).

9. Spills and Accidents

(a) A written emergency plan should be established and communicated to all personnel; it should include procedures for ventilation failure (200), evacuation, medical care, reporting, and drills (172).

(b) There should be an alarm system to alert people in all parts of the facility including isolation areas such as cold rooms (172).

(c) A spill control policy should be developed and should include consideration of prevention, containment, cleanup, and reporting (175).

(d) All accidents or near accidents should be carefully analyzed with the results distributed to all who might benefit (8, 28).

10. Information and Training Program

(a) Aim: To assure that all individuals at risk are adequately informed about the work in the laboratory, its risks, and what to do if an accident occurs (5, 15).

(b) Emergency and Personal Protection Training: Every laboratory worker should know the location and proper use of available protective apparel and equipment (154, 169).

Some of the full-time personnel of the laboratory should be trained in the proper use of emergency equipment and procedures (6).

Such training as well as first aid instruction should be available to (154) and encouraged for (176) everyone who might need it.

(c) Receiving and stockroom/storeroom personnel should know about hazards, handling equipment, protective apparel, and relevant regulations (217).

(d) Frequency of Training: The training and education program should be a regular, continuing activity—not simply an annual presentation (15).

(e) Literature/Consultation: Literature and consulting advice concerning chemical hygiene should be readily available to laboratory personnel, who should be encouraged to use these information resources (14).

11. Waste Disposal Program.

(a) Aim: To assure that minimal harm to people, other organisms, and the environment will result from the disposal of waste laboratory chemicals (5).

(b) Content (14, 232, 233, 240): The waste disposal program should specify how waste is to be collected, segregated, stored, and transported and include consideration of what materials can be incinerated. Transport from the institution must be in accordance with DOT regulations (244).

(c) Discarding Chemical Stocks: Unlabeled containers of chemicals and solutions should undergo prompt disposal; if partially used, they should not be opened (24, 27).

Before a worker’s employment in the laboratory ends, chemicals for which that person was responsible should be discarded or returned to storage (226).

(d) Frequency of Disposal: Waste should be removed from laboratories to a central waste storage area at least once per week and from the central waste storage area at regular intervals (14).

(e) Method of Disposal: Incineration in an environmentally acceptable manner is the most practical disposal method for combustible laboratory waste (14, 238, 241).

Indiscriminate disposal by pouring waste chemicals down the drain (14, 231, 242) or adding them to mixed refuse for landfill burial is unacceptable (14).

Hoods should not be used as a means of disposal for volatile chemicals (40, 200).

Disposal by recycling (233, 243) or chemical decontamination (40, 230) should be used when possible.

E. Basic Rules and Procedures for Working with Chemicals

The Chemical Hygiene Plan should require that laboratory workers know and follow its rules and procedures. In addition to the procedures of the sub programs mentioned above, these should include the rules listed below.

1. General Rules

The following should be used for essentially all laboratory work with chemicals:

(a) Accidents and spills—Eye Contact: Promptly flush eyes with water for a prolonged period (15 minutes) and seek medical attention (33, 172).

Ingestion: Encourage the victim to drink large amounts of water (178).

Skin Contact: Promptly flush the affected area with water (33, 172, 178) and remove any contaminated clothing (172, 178). If symptoms persist after washing, seek medical attention (33).

Clean-up. Promptly clean up spills, using appropriate protective apparel and equipment and proper disposal (24 33). See pp. 233– 237 for specific clean-up recommendations.

(b) Avoidance of ‘‘routine’’ exposure: Develop and encourage safe habits (23); avoid unnecessary exposure to chemicals by any route (23);

Do not smell or taste chemicals (32). Vent apparatus which may discharge toxic chemicals (vacuum pumps, distillation columns, etc.) into local exhaust devices (199).

Inspect gloves (157) and test glove boxes (208) before use.

Do not allow release of toxic substances in cold rooms and warm rooms, since these have contained recirculated atmospheres (209).

(c) Choice of chemicals: Use only those chemicals for which the quality of the available ventilation system is appropriate (13).

(d) Eating, smoking, etc.: Avoid eating, drinking, smoking, gum chewing, or application of cosmetics in areas where laboratory chemicals are present (22, 24, 32, 40); wash hands before conducting these activities (23, 24).

Avoid storage, handling or consumption of food or beverages in storage areas, refrigerators, glassware or utensils which are also used for laboratory operations (23, 24, 226).

(e) Equipment and glassware: Handle and store laboratory glassware with care to avoid damage; do not use damaged glassware (25). Use extra care with Dewar flasks and other evacuated glass apparatus; shield or wrap them to contain chemicals and fragments should implosion occur (25). Use equipment only for its designed purpose (23, 26).

(f) Exiting: Wash areas of exposed skin well before leaving the laboratory (23).

(g) Horseplay: Avoid practical jokes or other behavior which might confuse, startle or distract another worker (23).

(h) Mouth suction: Do not use mouth suction for pipeting or starting a siphon (23, 32).

(i) Personal apparel: Confine long hair and loose clothing (23, 158). Wear shoes at all times in the laboratory but do not wear sandals, perforated shoes, or sneakers (158).

(j) Personal housekeeping: Keep the work area clean and uncluttered, with chemicals and equipment being properly labeled and stored; clean up the work area on completion of an operation or at the end of each day (24).

(k) Personal protection: Assure that appropriate eye protection (154–156) is worn by all persons, including visitors, where chemicals are stored or handled (22, 23, 33, 154).

Wear appropriate gloves when the potential for contact with toxic materials exists (157); inspect the gloves before each use, wash them before removal, and replace them periodically (157). (A table of resistance to chemicals of common glove materials is given p. 159).

Use appropriate (164–168) respiratory equipment when air contaminant concentrations are not sufficiently restricted by engineering controls (164–5), inspecting the respirator before use (169).

Use any other protective and emergency apparel and equipment as appropriate (22, 157–162).

Avoid use of contact lenses in the laboratory unless necessary; if they are used, inform supervisor so special precautions can be taken (155).

Remove laboratory coats immediately on significant contamination (161).

(l) Planning: Seek information and advice about hazards (7), plan appropriate protective procedures, and plan positioning of equipment before beginning any new operation (22, 23).

(m) Unattended operations: Leave lights on, place an appropriate sign on the door, and provide for containment of toxic substances in the event of failure of a utility service (such as cooling water) to an unattended operation (27, 128).

(n) Use of hood: Use the hood for operations which might result in release of toxic chemical vapors or dust (198–9).

As a rule of thumb, use a hood or other local ventilation device when working with any appreciably volatile substance with a TLV of less than 50 ppm (13).

Confirm adequate hood performance before use; keep hood closed at all times except when adjustments within the hood are being made (200); keep materials stored in hoods to a minimum and do not allow them to block vents or air flow (200).

Leave the hood ‘‘on’’ when it is not in active use if toxic substances are stored in it or if it is uncertain whether adequate general laboratory ventilation will be maintained when it is ‘‘off’’ (200).

(o) Vigilance: Be alert to unsafe conditions and see that they are corrected when detected (22).

(p) Waste disposal: Assure that the plan for each laboratory operation includes plans and training for waste disposal (230).

Deposit chemical waste in appropriately labeled receptacles and follow all other waste disposal procedures of the Chemical Hygiene Plan (22, 24).

Do not discharge to the sewer concentrated acids or bases (231); highly toxic, malodorous, or lachrymatory substances (231); or any substances which might interfere with the biological activity of waste water treatment plants, create fire or explosion hazards, cause structural damage or obstruct flow (242).

(q) Working alone: Avoid working alone in a building; do not work alone in a laboratory if the procedures being conducted are hazardous (28).

2. Working with Allergens and Embryotoxins

(a) Allergens (examples: diazomethane, isocyanates, bichromates): Wear suitable gloves to prevent hand contact with allergens or substances of unknown allergenic activity (35).

(b) Embryotoxins (34–5) (examples: organomercurials, lead compounds, formamide): If you are a woman of childbearing age, handle these substances only in a hood whose satisfactory performance has been confirmed, using appropriate protective apparel (especially gloves) to prevent skin contact.

Review each use of these materials with the research supervisor and review continuing uses annually or whenever a procedural change is made.

Store these substances, properly labeled, in an adequately ventilated area in an unbreakable secondary container.

Notify supervisors of all incidents of exposure or spills; consult a qualified physician when appropriate.

3. Work with Chemicals of Moderate Chronic

or High Acute Toxicity

EXAMPLES: diisopropylflurophosphate (41), hydro-fluoric acid (43), hydrogen cyanide (45).

Supplemental rules to be followed in addition to those mentioned above (Procedure B of ‘‘Prudent Practices’’, pp. 39–41):

(a) Aim: To minimize exposure to these toxic substances by any route using all reasonable precautions (39).

(b) Applicability: These precautions are appropriate for substances with moderate chronic or high acute toxicity used in significant quantities (39).

Always use a hood (previously evaluated to confirm adequate performance with a face velocity of at least 60 linear feet per minute) (40) or other containment device for procedures which may result in the generation of aerosols or vapors containing the substance (39); trap released vapors to prevent their discharge with the hood exhaust (40).

(d) Personal protection: Always avoid skin contact by use of gloves and long sleeves (and other protective apparel as appropriate) (39). Always wash hands and arms immediately after working with these materials (40).

(e) Records: Maintain records of the amounts of these materials on hand, amounts used, and the names of the workers involved (40, 229).

(f) Prevention of spills and accidents: Be prepared for accidents and spills (41).

Assure that at least 2 people are present at all times if a compound in use is highly toxic or of unknown toxicity (39).

Store breakable containers of these substances in chemically resistant trays; also work and mount apparatus above such trays or cover work and storage surfaces with removable, absorbent, plastic backed paper (40).

If a major spill occurs outside the hood, evacuate the area; assure that cleanup personnel wear suitable protective apparel and equipment (41).

(g) Waste: Thoroughly decontaminate or incinerate contaminated clothing or shoes (41). If possible, chemically decontaminate by chemical conversion (40).

Store contaminated waste in closed, suitably labeled, impervious containers (for liquids, in glass or plastic bottles half-filled with vermiculite) (40).

4. Work with Chemicals of High Chronic

Toxicity

(Examples: dimethylmercury and nickel carbonyl (48), benzo-a-pyrene (51), Nnitrosodiethylamine (54), other human carcinogens or substances with high carcinogenic potency in animals (38).)

Further supplemental rules to be followed, in addition to all these mentioned above, for work with substances of known high chronic toxicity (in quantities above a few milligrams to a few grams, depending on the substance) (47). (Procedure A of ‘‘Prudent Practices’’ pp. 47–50).

(a) Access: Conduct all transfers and work with these substances in a ‘‘controlled area’’: a restricted access hood, glove box, or portion of a lab, designated for use of highly toxic substances, for which all people with access are aware of the substances being used and necessary precautions (48).

(b) Approvals: Prepare a plan for use and disposal of these materials and obtain the approval of the laboratory supervisor (48).

(c) Non-contamination/Decontamination: Protect vacuum pumps against contamination by scrubbers or HEPA filters and vent them into the hood (49). Decontaminate vacuum pumps or other contaminated equipment, including glassware, in the hood before removing them from the controlled area (49, 50).

Decontaminate the controlled area before normal work is resumed there (50).

(d) Exiting: On leaving a controlled area, remove any protective apparel (placing it in an appropriate, labeled container) and thoroughly wash hands, forearms, face, and neck (49).

(e) Housekeeping: Use a wet mop or a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA filter instead of dry sweeping if the toxic substance was a dry powder (50).

(f) Medical surveillance: If using toxicologically significant quantities of such a substance on a regular basis (e.g., 3 times per week), consult a qualified physician concerning desirability of regular medical surveillance (50).

(g) Records: Keep accurate records of the amounts of these substances stored (229) and used, the dates of use, and names of users (48).

(h) Signs and labels: Assure that the controlled area is conspicuously marked with warning and restricted access signs (49) and that all containers of these substances are appropriately labeled with identity and warning labels (48).

(i) Spills: Assure that contingency plans, equipment, and materials to minimize exposures of people and property in case of accident are available (233–4).

(j) Storage: Store containers of these chemicals only in a ventilated, limited access (48, 227, 229) area in appropriately labeled, unbreakable, chemically resistant, secondary containers (48, 229).

(k) Glove boxes: For a negative pressure glove box, ventilation rate must be at least 2 volume changes/hour and pressure at least 0.5 inches of water (48). For a positive pressure glove box, thoroughly check for leaks before each use (49). In either case, trap the exit gases or filter them through a HEPA filter and then release them into the hood (49).

(l) Waste: Use chemical decontamination whenever possible; ensure that containers of contaminated waste (including washings from contaminated flasks) are transferred from the controlled area in a secondary container under the supervision of authorized personnel (49, 50, 233).

5. Animal Work with Chemicals of High

Chronic Toxicity

(a) Access: For large scale studies, special facilities with restricted access are preferable (56).

(b) Administration of the toxic substance: When possible, administer the substance by injection or gavage instead of in the diet. If administration is in the diet, use a caging system under negative pressure or under laminar air flow directed toward HEPA filters (56).

(c) Aerosol suppression: Devise procedures which minimize formation and dispersal of contaminated aerosols, including those from food, urine, and feces (e.g., use HEPA filtered vacuum equipment for cleaning, moisten contaminated bedding before removal from the cage, mix diets in closed containers in a hood) (55, 56).

(d) Personal protection: When working in the animal room, wear plastic or rubber gloves, fully buttoned laboratory coat or jumpsuit and, if needed because of incomplete suppression of aerosols, other apparel and equipment (shoe and head coverings, respirator) (56).

(e) Waste disposal: Dispose of contaminated animal tissues and excreta by incineration if the available incinerator can convert the contaminant to non-toxic products (238); otherwise, package the waste appropriately for burial in an EPA-approved site (239).

F. Safety Recommendations

The above recommendations from ‘‘Prudent Practices’’ do not include those which are directed primarily toward prevention of physical injury rather than toxic exposure. However, failure of precautions against injury will often have the secondary effect of causing toxic exposures. Therefore, we list below page references for recommendations concerning some of the major categories of safety hazards which also have implications for chemical hygiene:

1. Corrosive agents: (35–6)

2. Electrically powered laboratory apparatus: (179–92)

3. Fires, explosions: (26, 57–74, 162–4, 174–5, 219–20, 226–7)

4. Low temperature procedures: (26, 88)

5. Pressurized and vacuum operations (including use of compressed gas cylinders): (27, 75–101)

G. Material Safety Data Sheets

Material safety data sheets are presented in ‘‘Prudent Practices’’ for the chemicals listed below. (Asterisks denote that comprehensive material safety data sheets are provided).

*Acetyl peroxide (105)

*Acrolein (106)

*Acrylonilrile (107)

Ammonia (anhydrous) (91)

*Aniline (109)

*Benzene (110)

*Benzo[a]pyrene (112)

*Bis(chloromethyl) ether (113)

Boron trichloride (91)

Boron trifluoride (92)

Bromine (114)

*Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (148)

*Carbon disulfide (116)

Carbon monoxide (92)

*Carbon tetrachloride (118)

*Chlorine (119)

Chlorine trifluoride (94)

*Chloroform (121)

Chloromethane (93)

*Diethyl ether (122)

Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (41)

*Dimethylformamide (123)

*Dimethyl sulfate (125)

*Dioxane (126)

*Ethylene dibromide (128)

*Fluorine (95)

*Formaldehyde (130)

*Hydrazine and salts (132)

Hydrofluoric acid (43)

Hydrogen bromide (98)

Hydrogen chloride (98)

*Hydrogen cyanide (133)

*Hydrogen sulfide (135)

Mercury and compounds (52)

*Methanol (137)

*Morpholine (138)

*Nickel carbonyl (99)

*Nitrobenzene (139)

Nitrogen dioxide (100)

N-nitrosodiethylamine (54)

*Peracetic acid (141)

*Phenol (142)

*Phosgene (143)

*Pyridine (144)

*Sodium azide (145)

*Sodium cyanide (147)

Sulfur dioxide (101)

*Trichloroethylene (149)

*Vinyl chloride (150)

APPENDIX B TO § 1910.1450—REFERENCES (NON-

MANDATORY)

The following references are provided to assist the employer in the development of a Chemical Hygiene Plan. The materials listed below are offered as non-mandatory guidance. References listed here do not imply specific endorsement of a book, opinion, technique, policy or a specific solution for a safety or health problem. Other references not listed here may better meet the needs of a specific laboratory. (a) Materials for the development of the Chemical Hygiene Plan:

1. American Chemical Society, Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories, 4th edition, 1985.

2. Fawcett, H.H. and W. S. Wood, Safety and Accident Prevention in Chemical Operations, 2nd edition, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1982.

3. Flury, Patricia A., Environmental Health and Safety in the Hospital Laboratory, Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield IL, 1978.

4. Green, Michael E. and Turk, Amos, Safety in Working with Chemicals, Macmillan Publishing Co., NY, 1978.

5. Kaufman, James A., Laboratory Safety Guidelines, Dow Chemical Co., Box 1713, Midland, MI 48640, 1977.

6. National Institutes of Health, NIH Guidelines for the Laboratory use of Chemical Carcinogens, NIH Pub. No. 81–2385, GPO, Washington, DC 20402, 1981.

7. National Research Council, Prudent Practices for Disposal of Chemicals from Laboratories, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1983.

8. National Research Council, Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1981.

9. Renfrew, Malcolm, Ed., Safety in the Chemical Laboratory, Vol. IV, J. Chem. Ed., American Chemical Society, Easlon, PA, 1981.

10. Steere, Norman V., Ed., Safety in the Chemical Laboratory, J. Chem. Ed. American Chemical Society, Easlon, PA, 18042, Vol. I, 1967, Vol. II, 1971, Vol. III 1974.

11. Steere, Norman V., Handbook of Laboratory Safety, the Chemical Rubber Company Cleveland, OH, 1971.

12. Young, Jay A., Ed., Improving Safety in the Chemical Laboratory, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1987.

(b) Hazardous Substances Information:

1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Workroom Environment with Intended Changes, 6500 Glenway Avenue, Bldg. D–7 Cincinnati, OH 45211–4438 (latest edition).

2. Annual Report on Carcinogens, National Toxicology Program U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, (latest edition).

3. Best Company, Best Safety Directory, Vols. I and II, Oldwick, N.J., 1981.

4. Bretherick, L., Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 2nd edition, Butterworths, London, 1979.

5. Bretherick, L., Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory, 3rd edition, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1986.

6. Code of Federal Regulations, 29 CFR part 1910 subpart Z. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 (latest edition).

7. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, World Health Organization Publications Center, 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, New York 12210 (latest editions).

Indiana University Appendix B, Form LCS-1

Office of Environmental, Health, and Safety Management

LABORATORY SAFETY AUDIT

Department: ______________________________________ Building/Room No.: _______________________________________

Principal Investigator: ______________________________ Lab Safety Officer: ________________________________________

Audited by: _______________________________________ Date Surveyed: ___________________________________________

The Administration of Indiana University supports a safe research community that is expected to comply with applicable federal, state and local regulatory requirements. To ensure compliance with these regulations the Office of Environmental, Health, and Safety Management conducts regular Laboratory Safety Audits designed to identify potential EPA or OSHA violations.

General Laboratory Safety		Yes	No	Comments/Corrections
1.	Emergency information posted
2.	Safety training completed by all lab personnel
3.	Lab Chemical Safety Plan and MSDS sheets available
4.	Personal protective equipment (gloves, safety glasses) available
5.	Spill Response Guide and spill kit available
6.	First aid kit available
7.	Good housekeeping/all spills cleaned up
8.	No food or drinks stored in chemical refrigerators or lab work areas
9.	Exits and aisles are unobstructed
10.	Combustibles not stored within 24 in. of ceiling (18 in. if sprinklered)
11.	Fire doors and lab doors are unobstructed and not wedged open
12.	Fire extinguishers present, unobstructed and in working order
13.	Approved eyewash and shower available and unobstructed
14.	Fume hood working properly
15.	Machine guarding on all belts, pulleys, & mechanical devices
16.	Extension cords not being used permanently
17.	Electrical outlets not overloaded, piggybacked, or cascaded
18.	Electrical cords are not frayed
19.	Glass apparatus set up properly with all hose connections clamped
Chemical Labeling, Handling, and Storage		Yes	No	Comments/Corrections
20.	All containers labeled (includes carboys, reagents, & wash bottles)
21.	Container labels are in good condition and legible
22.	Container labels have full chemical name and hazard identified
23.	Chemical container integrity and lid are good
24.	Chemicals segregated by hazard class and chemical compatibility
25.	Flammable liquids are in approved cabinet (if >10 gal. in lab)
26.	Refrigerated flammables stored in a proper fireproof refrigerator
27.	Chemical storage freezers are defrosted
28.	Chemicals are not stored in or around sinks or floor drains
29.	Hazardous or corrosive liquids are not stored above eye level
30.	Reactive and explosive chemicals are stored properly
31.	All peroxide forming chemicals have date received or not expired
32.	Perchloric acid digestions only in a perchloric acid fume hood
33.	Fume hood not used for excess storage of chemicals or equipment
34.	Gas cylinders stored away from ignition sources and secured
Waste and Hazardous Waste		Yes	No	Comments/Corrections
35.	All sharps are disposed of properly in a labeled sharps container
36.	Broken glassware is being disposed of properly
37.	Biohazards and animal waste are stored and disposed of properly
38.	All hazardous waste containers are labeled as “Hazardous Waste”
39.	All waste containers are closed when not in use
40.	Full waste containers are being delivered to EH&S or picked up
41.	All waste is being disposed of properly (no drain or evaporation)
42.	No excess combustibles (boxes, paper, plastic in lab or fume hoods)

Personal Protective Equipment

Hazard Assessment

for Laboratory Workers

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires a personal protective equipment hazard assessment for any tasks that require personal protective equipment (i.e. gloves, safety glasses, etc.). Please check all activities that apply to your area. If a task is not listed add a new task at the bottom with the associated hazards and personal protective equipment (PPE). Please complete the hazard assessment for your laboratory and keep it in Appendix B of the Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan.

Date: _____________________

Supervisor/PI: _______________________________ Assessment by: ___________________________

Department: _______________________ Building/Room Number(s): ___________________________

Chemical Hazards
Check All That Apply	Task	Potential Hazard	Recommended PPE
¨	Working with small volumes of corrosive liquids (< 1 liter).	Skin or eye damage	Safety glasses or goggles Light chemically resistant gloves Lab coat, closed shoe, pants
¨	Working with large volumes of corrosive liquids (> 1 liter), acutely toxic corrosives, or work which creates a splash hazard	Large surface area skin or eye damage, poisoning, or great potential for eye and skin damage	Safety goggles and face shield Heavy chemically resistant gloves Lab coat, closed shoe, pants, and chemically resistant apron
¨	Working with small volumes of organic solvents (< 1 liter).	Skin or eye damage Slight poisoning potential through skin contact	Safety glasses or goggles Light chemically resistant gloves Lab coat, closed shoe, pants
¨	Working with large volumes of organic solvents (> 1 liter), very dangerous solvents, or work which creates a splash hazard	Major skin or eye damage, or potential poisoning through skin contact	Safety goggles and face shield Heavy chemically resistant gloves Lab coat, closed shoe, pants, and chemically resistant apron
¨	Working with toxic or hazardous chemicals (solid or liquid).	Potential skin or eye damage, potential poisoning through skin contact.	Safety glasses (goggles for large quantities), light chemically resistant gloves, lab coat, closed shoe, pants.
¨	Working with acutely toxic or hazardous chemicals (solid or liquid).	Great potential skin or eye damage, great potential poisoning through skin contact.	Safety goggles, appropriate heavy chemically resistant gloves, lab coat, closed shoe, pants Coveralls and booties if necessary.
¨	Working with explosives.	Skin or eye damage from flying projectiles or chemicals.	Blast shield, safety goggles or full face shield, chemically resistant gloves, lab coat, closed shoe, pants.
¨	Working with chemical dusts.	Skin or eye damage, respiratory damage.	Safety glasses or goggles, appropriate gloves, lab coat, closed shoes or boots if necessary, pants, Approved respiratory protection (call EH&S).
¨	Chemical spill cleanup.	Skin or eye damage, respiratory damage.	Safety glasses or goggles, appropriate gloves, lab coat, closed shoes or boots if necessary, pants, respiratory protection (call EH&S).
Radiological Hazards
¨	Working with solid radioactive materials or waste.	Potential cell damage, potential spread of radioactive materials.	Safety glasses, gloves, lab coat, closed shoe, pants.
¨	Working with radioactive chemicals (corrosives, flammables, liquids, powders, etc.).	Potential cell damage or spread of contamination plus hazards for the appropriate chemical hazards above.	Safety glasses (or goggles for splash hazard), light chemically resistant gloves, lab coat, closed shoe, pants. Use PPE for applicable chemical hazards above.
¨	Working with ultraviolet radiation.	Conjunctivitis, corneal damage, erythema.	UV face shield and goggles, lab coat, closed shoe, pants.
¨	Working with Laser radiation.	Retinal eye damage, skin damage.	Appropriate shaded goggles with optical density based on individual beam parameters, lab coat, closed shoe, pants. No jewelry or reflective items allowed.

Check All That Apply	Task	Potential Hazard	Recommended PPE
¨	Working with infrared emitting equipment (i.e. glass blowing).	Cataracts, flash burns to cornea.	Appropriate shaded goggles, lab coat, closed shoe, pants.
¨	Working with radioactive human blood, body fluids, or blood borne pathogens (BBP).	Potential cell damage, potential spread of radioactive contaminants, or potential BBP exposure.	Safety glasses (goggles for splash hazard), light latex gloves, lab coat, closed shoe, pants.
Biological Hazards
¨	Working with small volumes of human blood, body fluids, tissues, or blood borne pathogens.	Potential contraction of infectious disease, potential spread of infectious disease.	Safety glasses, light latex gloves, lab coat, closed shoe, pants.
¨	Working with large volumes of human blood, body fluids, tissues, or blood borne pathogens.	Increased potential for contraction of infectious disease or increased potential for spread of infectious disease.	Safety goggles with face shield, latex gloves, lab coat, closed shoe, pants. Coveralls and boot covers if necessary.
¨	Working with live or poisonous animals and plants.	Animal bites, stings, or infectious disease. Skin or eye damage from contact with animal or plant poisons.	Safety glasses or goggles, protective gloves, lab coat, closed shoe, pants.
¨	Working with animal specimens (preserved or unpreserved).	Potential exposure to infectious disease, animal toxins, or preservatives.	Safety glasses or goggles, protective gloves, lab coat, closed shoe, pants.
Physical Hazards
¨	Working with cryogenic liquids.	Major skin, tissue, or eye damage.	Safety glasses or goggles for large volumes, heavy insulated gloves, lab coat, closed shoe, pants.
¨	Working with very cold equipment or dry ice.	Frostbite, hypothermia.	Safety glasses, insulated gloves and warm clothing, lab coat, closed shoe, pants.
¨	Working with hot liquids, equipment, open flames (autoclave, bunsen burner, water bath, oil bath).	Burns resulting in skin or eye damage.	Safety glasses or goggles for large volumes, insulated gloves, lab coat, closed shoe, pants.
¨	Metal arc or tungsten arc (TIG) welding.	Conjunctivitis, corneal damage, erythema, skin burns.	Appropriate shaded goggles and face shield, gloves, lab coat, closed shoe, pants.
¨	Instrument repair.	Eye damage from foreign objects.	Safety glasses, no loose clothing or jewelry.
¨	Metal or woodworking.	Eye damage from foreign objects, lacerations from burrs or splinters.	Safety glasses, gloves, no loose clothing or jewelry.
¨	Working in nuisance dusts.	Skin or eye damage, respiratory damage.	Safety goggles, appropriate gloves, lab coat, closed shoes or boots if necessary, pants, NIOSH approved dust mask or other respiratory protection (call EH&S).
¨	Glassware washing.	Lacerations.	Heavy rubber gloves, lab coat, closed shoes, pants.
¨	Working with loud equipment, noises, sounds, or alarms, etc.	Potential ear damage and hearing loss.	Ear plugs or headphones as necessary.
New Tasks or Other Hazards
Check All That Apply	Task	Potential Hazard	Recommended PPE
¨
Exempted Areas (Use the following space to describe protected lab areas where PPE is not required)
Check All That Apply	Lab Area	Physical Barrier (ie wall, curtain, lab bench)	Exemption (eyewear, gloves, etc.)
¨

SELECT CARCINOGENS

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) defines a “select carcinogen” as a substance that meets one of the following criteria:

1. Is regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen;

2. Is listed under the category “known to be a carcinogen” or “reasonably anticipated to be a carcinogen” in the Annual Report on Carcinogens published by the National Toxicology Program (NTP); or

3. Is listed under Group 1 (“carcinogenic to humans”) or under Group 2A (‘probably carcinogenic to humans”) or 2B (“possibly carcinogenic to humans”) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).

This list includes byproducts of industrial or manufacturing processes, which are typically not present in laboratories at Indiana University, but may be used or generated during experimental procedures.

SUBSTANCE

OSHA

IARC

NTP

A-α-C (2-amino-9h-pyrido [2,3-b] indole) x

Acetaldehyde x x

Acetamide x

2-Acetylaminofluorene x x

Acrylamide x x

Acrylonitrile x x x

Actinolite x

Adriamycin x x

AF-2 [2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide] x

Aflatoxins (naturally ocurring) x x

Aflotoxins M1 x

2-Aminoanthraquinone x

p-Aminoazobenzene x

o-Aminoazotoluene x x

4-Aminobiphenyl x x x

1-Amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone x

1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone x

2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MEIQ) x

2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MEIQx) x

2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole x

2-Amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) x

2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) x x

Amitrole x

Amsacrine x

Androgenic (anabolic) steroids x

o-Anisidine x

o-Anisidine hydrochloride x

Antimony trioxide x

Aramite^® x

Arisolochic acids (naturally occurring mixtures of) x

SUBSTANCE

OSHA

IARC

NTP

Arsenic and certain arsenic compounds x x x

Asbestos x x x

Atrazine x

Auramine x

Azacitidine x x

Azaserine x

Azathioprine x x

Anziridine (dimethyleneimine) x

Benzene x x x

Benzidine, benzidine based dyes, and dyes metabolized to benzidine x x x

Benzo[a]anthracene x x

Benzo[b]fluoranthene x x

Benzo[j]fluoranthene x x

Benzo[k]fluoranthene x x

Benzofuran x

Benzo[a]pyrene x x

Benzotrichloride x

Benzyl violet 4B x

Beryllium and certain beryllium compounds x x

N,N-Bis(2-cloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine (Chlornaphazine) x

Bischloroethyl nitrosourea x x

Bleomycins x

Bracken fern x

Bromodichloromethane x x

2,2-bis-(Bromoethyl)-1,3-propanediol x x

1,3-Butadiene x x

1,4-Butanediol dimethyl-sulfonate (Myleran) x x

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) x x

β-Butyrolactone x

Cadmium and certain cadmium compounds x x x

Caffeic acid x

Captafol x

Carbon black x

Carbon tetrachloride x x

Ceramic fibers (respirable size) x x

Chlorambucil x x

Chloramphenicol x x

Chlordane x

Chlordecone (Kepone) x

Chlorendic acid x x

Chlorinated paraffins (C₁₂, 60% Chlorine) x

α-Chlorinated toluenes

(benzyl chloride, benzalchloride, benzotrichloride) x x

p-Chloroaniline x

1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) x x

SUBSTANCE

OSHA

IARC

NTP

2-Chloroethyl -3- (4 methylcyclohexyl)

-1-nitrosourea (MECCNU) x x

bis-Chloroethyl nitrosourea x

Chloroform x x

bis-Chloromethyl ether (Dimethyl-1,1’-dichloro ether) x x x

Chloromethyl methyl ether (Methyl chloromethyl ether) x x

1-Chloro-2-methylpropene x

3-Chloro-2-methylpropene x

Chlorophenoxy herbicides x

4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine x x

Cloroprene x x

p-Chloro-o-toluidine and p-chloro-o-toluidine hydrochloride x

Chlorothalonil x

Chlorozotocin x x

Chromium [VI] and certain chromium [VI] compounds x x

CI Acid Red 114 (see 3,3 dimethylbenzidine) x x

CI Direct Black 38 (see benzidine) x

CI Basic Red 9 monohydrochloride x

CI Direct Blue 6 (see benzidine) x

CI Direct Blue 15 (see 3,3 dimethoxybenzidine) x x

CI Direct brown 95 (see benzidine) x

Ciclosporin x

Cisplatin x x

Citrus red no. 2 x

Clonorchis sinensis (infection with) x

Coal tars and coal tar pitches x x

Coke oven emissions x x

Cobalt and cobalt compounds x

Cobalt sulfate x

p-Cresidine x x

Cupferron x

Cycasin x

Cyclophosphamide x x

Cyclosporin A (ciclosporin) x

Dacarbazine x x

Danthron (chrysazin 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone) x x

Daunomycin x

N,N'-Diacetylbenzidine x

2,4-Diaminoanisole x

2,4-Diaminoanisole sulfate x

4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether x

2,4-Diaminotoluene x x

Dibenz[a,h]acridine x x

Dibenz[a,j]acridine x x

Dibenz[a,h]anthracene x x

7h-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole x x

Dibenzo[a,e]pryrene x x

SUBSTANCE

OSHA

IARC

NTP

Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene x x

Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene x x

Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene x x

Diazoaminobenzene (DAAB) x

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane x x x

1,2-Dibromoethane (Ethylene dibromide) x

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol x x

tris (2,3-Dibromopropyl) phosphate x

1,4-Dichlorobenzene x

p-Dichlorobenzene x x

3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine x x x

3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine dihydrochloride x

3,3'-Dichloro-4,4¹-diaminodiphenyl ether x

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) x x

1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene dichloride) x x

Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) x x x

1,3-Dichloropropene x x

Dichlorvos x

Diepoxybutane x

1,2 Diethylhydrazine x

Diesel exhaust particulates x

Diethylstilbestrol x x

Diethyl sulfate x x

Diisopropyl sulfate x

Diglycidyl resorcinol ether x x

Dihydrosafrole x

3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine (o-dianisidine) &

dyes metabolized to 3,3 dimethoxybenzidine x x

3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine (o-tolidine) &

dyes metabilized to 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine x x

4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene x x

p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene x

trans-2-[(Dimethylamino)methylamino] -5-

2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-vinyl]-1,3,4-oxidiazole x

2,6-Dimethylaniline (2,6-Xylidine) x

Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride x x

1,1-Dimethylhydrazine x x

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine x

Dimethyl sulfate x x

Dimethylvinyl chloride x

3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene x

3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene x

1,6-Dinitropyrene x x

1,8-Dinitropyrene x x

2,4-Dintrotoluene x

2,6-Dintrotoluene x

SUBSTANCE

OSHA

IARC

NTP

1,4-Dioxane x x

Disperse Blue 1 x x

Epichlorohydrin x x

1,2 Epoxybutane x

Epstien-Barr virus x

Erionite x x

Estrogens, nonsteroidal x

Estrogens, steroidal x x

Ethyl acrylate x

Ethylbenzene x

Ethylene dibromide x

Ethyleneimine x

N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea x

Ethylene oxide x x x

Ethylene thiourea x

di(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate x

Ethyl methanesulfonate x x

Etoposide with cisplatin & bleomycin x

Formaldehyde (gas) x x x

2-(2-Formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furly) thiazole x

Fumonisin B1 x

Furan x x

Gamma radiation and X-radiation x x

Glass wool (respirable size) x

Glu-P-2 (2-aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole x

Glu-P-1 (2-amino-6-methyldipyrido-1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole) x

Glycidaldehyde x

Glycidol x x

Griseofulvin x

HC Blue No. 1 x

Helicobacter pylori (infection with) x

Hepatitis B virus x x

Hepatitis C virus x x

Heptachlor x

Hexachlorobenzene x x

Hexachlorocyclohexanes x

Hexachloroethane x x

Hexamethyl-phosphoramide x x

Human papillomavirus (types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 58, 59) x x

Hydrazine and hydrazine sulfate x x

Hydrazobenzene x

1-Hydroxyanthraquinone x

Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene x x

Iron dextran complex x x

IQ (2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline x

Isoprene x x

SUBSTANCE

OSHA

IARC

NTP

Kepone (Chlordecone) x

Lasiocarpine x

Lead and lead compounds, inorganic x x

Lindane and other hexachlorocyclohexane isomers x

Magenta (containing CI Basic red 9) x

Magnetic Fields (extremely low frequency) x

MeA-aplha-c (2-amino-3-methyl-9h-pyrido-[2,3-b] indole x

Medroxyprogesterone acetate x

MeIQ (2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]

Quinoline) x

MeIQx (2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]

quinoxaline) x

Melphalan x x

Methoxsalen with ultraviolet A therapy (PUVA) x x

2-Methylaziridine (Propylenimine) x x

5-Methoxypsoralen (methoxsalen) x

8-Methoxypsoralen (methoxsalen) x

2- Methylaziridine (propyleneimine) x x

Methylazoxymethanol acetate x

5-Methylchrysene x x

4,4'-Methylenebis (2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) x x

4,4'-Methylenebis (N,N-dimethylbenzenamine) x x

4,4'-Methylenebis (2-methylaniline) x

Methylene chloride (dicholoromethane) x x x

Methylenedianiline x

4,4'-Methylenedianiline and its dihydrochloride salt x x

Methyleugenol x

Methyl chloromethyl ether (Chloromethyl methyl ether) x x x

Methylmercury compounds x

Methyl methanesulfonate x x

2-Methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone x

N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) x x

N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea x

N-methyl-N’-nitrosourethane x

Methylthiouracil x

Metronidazole x x

Michler's ketone (4,4’-(Dimethylamino)benzophenone) x

Mineral Oils (untreated and mildly treated) x x

Mirex x x

Mitomycin C x

Mitoxantrone x

Monocrotaline x

MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including

alkylating agents x

5-Morpholinomethyl)-3-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino-]

2-oxazolidinone x

SUBSTANCE

OSHA

IARC

NTP

Mustard gas x x

Nafenopin x

Napthalene x x

α-Naphthylamine x

β-Naphthylamine x

2-Naphthylamine x x

Neutrons x

Nickel and certain nickel compounds x x

Niridazole x

Nitrilotriacetic acid x x

5-Nitroacenaphthene x

2-Nitroanisole x

o-Nitroanisole x

Nitrobenzene x x

4-Nitrobiphenyl x

6- Nitrochrysene x x

Nitrofen (2,4-Dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether) x x

2-Nitrofluorene x

1-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-imidazolidinone x

N-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] acetamide x

Nitrogen mustard x

Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride x

Nitrogen mustard N-oxide x

Nitromethane x x

2-Nitropropane x x

1-Nitropyrene x x

4-Nitropyrene x x

N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine x x

N-Nitrosodiethanolamine x x

N-Nitrosodiethylamine x x

N-Nitrosodimethylamine x x x

N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine x x

N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea x

3-(N-Nitrosomethylamino) propionitrile x

4-(N-Nitrosomethyl-amino)-1(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) x x

N-Nitrosomethylethylamine x

N-Nitroso-N-methylurea x

N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine x x

N-Nitrosomorpholine x x

N-Nitrosonornicotine x x

N-Nitrosopiperdine x x

N-Nitrosopyrrolidine x x

N-Nitrososarcosine x x

Norethisterone x

Ochratoxin A x x

Oestrogens nonsteriodal x

Oestrogens, steroidal x

SUBSTANCE

OSHA

IARC

NTP

Oil orange SS x

Opisthorchis viverini (infection with) x

Oral contraceptives, combined x

Oral contraceptives, sequential x

Oxazepam x

4,4'-Oxydianiline x

Oxymetholone x

Palygorskite (attapulgite) x

Panfuran S (containing dihydroxmethyl-Furatrizine) x

Phenacetin and analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin x x

Phenazopyridine hydrochloride x x

Phenobarbital x

Phenolphthalein x x

Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride x x

Phenyl glycidyl ether x

Phenytoin x x

Phosphorus–32 x

Plutonium-239 x

Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) x x

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) x x

Polychlorophenols and their sodium salts x

Ponceau MX x

Ponceau 3R x

Potassium bromate x

Procarbazine hydrochloride x x

Progesterone x

Progestins x

1,3-Propane sultone x x

β-Propiolactone x x x

Propylene oxide x x

Propylthiouracil x x

Radionuclides (alpha & beta emitting) x

Radium-224, 226, 228 x

Radon-222 x

Riddelliine x

Reserpine x

Safrole x x

Selenium sulfide x

Schistosoma haematobium (infection with) x

Schistosoma japonicum (infection with) x

Silca, crystalline (respirable size) x x

Sodium-o-phenylphenate x

Solar radiation (and Sunlamps) x

Soots x

Sterigmatocystin x

Streptozotocin x x

Strong inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid x

SUBSTANCE

OSHA

IARC

NTP

Styrene x

Styrene-7,8-oxide x x

Sulfallate x x

Talc containing asbestiform fibers x

Tamoxifen x x

Teniposide x

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) x x

Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) x x

Tetrafluoroethylene x x

Tetranitromethane x x

Thioacetamide x x

4,4'-Thiodianiline x x

Thiotepa x x

Thiouracil x

Thiourea x

Thorium-232 & decay products x

Thorium dioxide x

Tobacco smoke, environmental tobacco smoke, & smokeless tobacco x x

Toluene diisocyanate x x

o-Toluidine and o-toluidine hydrochloride x x

Toxaphene x

Tresulfan x

Trichloroethylene x x

Trichloromethine (trimustine hydrochloride) x

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol x

1,2,3-Trichloropropane x x

tris (1-aziridinyl)phosphine sulfide (thiotepa) x x

tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate x x

TRP-P-1 (3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5h-pyrido [4,3-b] indole) x

TRP-P-2 (3-amino-1-methyl-5h-pyrido [4,3-b] indole) x

Trypan blue x

Ultraviolet radiation (broad spectrum) x

Ultraviolet radiation A x x

Ultraviolet radiation B x x

Ultraviolet radiation C x x

Uracil mustard x

Urethane x x

Vinyl acetate x

Vinyl bromide x x

Vinyl chloride (Chloroethylene) x x x

4-Vinylcyclohexene x

4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide x

4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide x

Vinyl fluoride x x

Wood Dust x x

Zalcitabine x

Zidovudine x

CHEMICAL INCOMPATABILITIES

PARTIAL LIST

Chemical Incompatible Chemicals

Acetic acid Chromic acid, nitric acid, peroxides, permanganates, hydroxyl compounds, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid

Acetic anhydride Hydroxyl-containing compounds (i.e. ethylene glycol, perchloric acid)

Acetone Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid mixtures, hydrogen peroxide

Acetylene Chlorine, bromine, copper, silver, fluorine, mercury

Alkali and alkaline earth Water, carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, other metals, such as sodium, magnesium, chlorinated hydrocarbons, halogens, potassium, lithium, calcium, powdered aluminum chemical extinguishers (water, foam, and dry)

Ammonia (anhydrous) Mercury, chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, iodine, bromine, hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous)

Ammonium nitrate Acids, metal powders, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrites, sulfur, finely divided organics, combustibles

Aniline Nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide

Arsenical materials Any reducing agent

Azides Acids

Bromine Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane (or other petroleum gases), sodium carbide, turpentine, benzene, hydrogen, finely divided metals

Calcium oxide Water

Carbon (activated) Calcium hypochlorite, all oxidizing agents

Chlorates Ammonium salts, acids, metal powders, sulfur, finely divided organics, combustibles

Chromic acid and Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, turpentine,

chromium trioxide alcohol, other flammable liquids

Chlorine Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane (or other petroleum gases), sodium, carbide, turpentine, benzene, hydrogen, finely divided metals

Chlorine dioxide Ammonia, methane, phosphine, hydrogen sulfide

Copper Acetylene, hydrogen peroxide

Cumene hydroperoxide Acids

Cyanides Acids

Flammable liquids Ammonium nitrate, chromic acid, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, perchloric acid, sodium peroxide, halogens

Fluorine Isolate from everything

Hydrazine Hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, other oxidants

Hydrocarbons (benzene, Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromic acid, butane,

propane, gasoline, etc.) peroxides

CHEMICAL INCOMPATABILITIES

PARTIAL LIST

(continued)

Chemical Incompatible Chemicals

Hydrocyanic acid Nitric acid, alkalis

Hydrofluoric acid Ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous)

Hydrogen Peroxide Copper, chromium, iron, most metals or their salts, alcohols, acetone, organic materials, aniline, nitromethane, combustible material

Hydrogen Sulfide Fuming nitric acid, oxidizing gases

Iodine Acetylene, ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous), hydrogen

Mercury Acetylene, fulminic acid, ammonia

Nitrates Sulfuric acid

Nitric Acid Acetic acid, aniline, chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid,

(concentrated) hydrogen sulfide, flammable liquids, flammable gases, copper, brass, any heavy metals

Nitrites Acids

Nitroparaffins Inorganic bases, amines

Oxalic acid Silver, mercury

Oxygen Oils, greases, hydrogen, flammable liquids, solids, or gases

Perchloric acid Acetic anhydride, acetic acid, bismuth and its alloys, alcohol, paper, wood, greases, oils, flammables

Peroxide, organic Acids (also avoid friction, store cold)

Phosphorus (white) Air, oxygen, alkalis, reducing agents

Potassium Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water

Potassium chlorate Sulfuric and other acids

Potassium perchlorate Sulfuric and other acids

Potassium permanganate Glycerol, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, sulfuric acid

Selenides Reducing agents

Silver Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartartic acid, ammonium compounds, fulminic acid

Sodium Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water

Sodium nitrate Ammonium nitrate and other ammonium salts

Sodium peroxide Ethyl or methyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydrite, benzaldehyde, carbon disulfide, glycerine,

ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, furfural

Sulfides Acids

Sulfuric acid Potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate,

potassium permanganate (similar compounds of light metals such as sodium and lithium)

SUMMARY OF THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY

OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN STORAGE PER FIRE CONTROL AREAa

POSING A PHYSICAL OR HEALTH HAZARD

Hazardous Material^e	Class^e	IBC Hazard Group^f when Quantity is Exceeded	Maximum Quantity in Storage^b for Occupancies Constructed Prior to May 17, 2003 in Accordance with the Uniform Fire Code^c (UFC)			Maximum Quantity in Storage^b for Occupancies Constructed after May 17, 2003 in Accordance with the International Fire Code^d (IFC)
Hazardous Material^e	Class^e		Solid pounds (cubic feet)	Liquid gallons (pounds)	Gas (cubic feet)	Solid pounds (cubic feet)	Liquid gallons (pounds)	Gas (cubic feet)
Combustible liquid	II IIIA IIIB	H-2 or H-3 H-2 or H-3		120^h 330^h 13,200^h,i			120^g,h 330^g,h 13,200^h,i
Combustible fiber	Loose Baled	H-3	(100) (1,000)			(100) (1,000)
Consumer Fireworks (Class C, Common)	1.4G	H-3				125^g,h,q
Cryogenics, flammable		H-2		45			45^g
Cryogenics, Oxidizing		H-3		45			45^g
Explosives		H-1	1^h	(1)^h		1^h,j	(1)^h,j
Flammable gas	Gaseous	H-2			750^g,h			1,000^g,h
Flammable gas	Liquefied			15^g,h			30^g,h
Flammable liquid	1A 1B 1C	H-2 or H-3		30^h 60^h 90^h			30^g,h 60^g,h 90^g,h
Combination Flammable Liquid (1A,1B,1C)		H-2 or H-3		120^h			120^g,h,k
Flammable solid		H-3	125^g,h			125^g,h
Organic peroxide	UD I II III IV V	H-1 H-2 H-3 H-3	1^h,j 5^g,h 50^g,h 125^g,h 500^g,h NL	(1)^h,j (5)^g,h (50)^g,h (125)^g,h (500)^g,h NL		1^h,i 5^g,h 50^g,h 125^g,h NL NL	(1)^h,j (5)^g,h (50)^g,h (125)^g,h NL NL
Oxidizer	4 3^j 2 1	H-1 H-2 H-3 H-3	1^h,j 10^g,h 250^g,h 4,000^g,h	(1)^h,j (10)^g,h (250)^g,h (4,000)^g,h		1^h,j 10^g,h 250^g,h 4,000^g,h	(1)^h,j (10)^g,h (250)^g,h (4,000)^g,h
Oxidizing gas	Gaseous	H-3			1500^g,h			1500^g,h
Oxidizing gas	Liquefied			15^g,h			15^g,h
Pyrophoric material		H-2	4^h,j	(4)^h,j	50^h,j	4^h,j	(4)^h,j	50^h,j
Unstable (reactive)	4 3 2 1	H-1 H-1 or H-2 H-3	1^h,j 5^g,h 50^g,h NL	(1)^h,j (5)^g,h (50)^g,h NL	10^h,j 50^g,h 250^g,h 750^g,h	1^h,j 5^g,h 50^g,h NL	(1)^h,j (5)^g,h (50)^g,h NL	10^g,j 50^g,h 250^g,h NL
Water reactive	3 2 1	H-2 H-3	5^g,h 50^g,h 125^h,i	(5)^g,h (50)^g,h (125)^h,i		5^g,h 50^g,h NL	(5)^g,h (50)^g,h NL
Corrosive			5000^g,h	500^g,h	810^g,h	5000^g,h	500^g,h	810^g,o
Highly Toxic			10^g,h	(10)^g,h	20^g,p	10^g,h	(10)^g,h	20^g,p
Toxic			500^g,h	(500)^g,h	810^g,h	500^g,h	(500)^g,h	810^g,h
Irritants			NL	NL	810^g,h,i
Sensitizers			NL	NL	810^g,h,i
Other Health Hazards			NL	NL	810^g,h,i

NL = Not Limited SI equivalents: 1 cubic foot = 0.023 m³, 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 gallon = 3.785 L

Notes: a. A control area is a space within a building bounded by exterior walls, fire walls, fire barriers, and roofs, or a combination thereof, where hazardous materials are stored, dispensed, or handled in amounts not exceeding the maximum allowable quantities.

b. The aggregate quantity in use and storage shall not exceed the quantity listed for storage.

c. Uniform Fire Code, 1997, Article 80, Hazardous Materials, Section 8001, Tables 8001.15-C & 8001.15-D.

d. International Fire Code, 2000, Chapter 27, Hazardous Materials – General Provisions, Tables 2703.1.1(1) & 2703.1.1(2).

e. See definitions below.

f. Hazard groups are defined in the International Building Code, 2000, [F] Section 307, and require specific design criteria.

g. Maximum quantities shall be increased 100% for buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system. Where note e applies, the increase for both shall be applied accumulatively.

h. Quantities shall be increased 100% when stored in approved cabinets, gas cabinets, exhausted enclosures, or safety cans as specified by the International Fire Code. Where note d applies, the increase for both shall be applied accumulatively.

i. The permitted quantities shall not be limited in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system and provided with exhaust ventillation.

j. Permitted only in building equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system.

k. Containing not more than the maximum allowable quantity per control area of Class 1A, 1B, or 1C flammable liquids.

l. Quantities in parentheses indicate quantity units in parentheses at the head of each column.

m. A maximum quantity of 200 pounds of solid or 20 gallons of liquid Class 3 oxidizers is allowed when such materials are necessary for maintenance purposes.

n. Net weight of the pyrotechnic composition. Where net weight is unknown, 25% of the gross weight including packaging shall be used.

o. A single cylinder per control area containing 150 pounds of anhydrous ammonia shall be considered the maximum in and unsprinklered building or two cylinders containing 150 pounds each in a building equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system.

p. Allowed only when stored in approved exhausted gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures.

q. Net weight of the pyrotechnic composition. Where the net weight is unknown 25% of the gross weight shall be used including packaging.

Definitions:

Combustible Liquids: Class II. Liquids having a closed cup flash point at or above 100^oF (38^oC) and below 140^oF (60^oC).

Class IIIA. Liquids having a closed cup flash point at or above 140^oF (60^oC) and below 200^oF (93^oC).

Class IIIB. Liquids having a closed cup flash point at or above 200^oF (93^oC).

Flammable Liquids: Class IA. Liquids having a flash point below 73^oF (23^oC) and having a boiling point below 100^oF (38^oC).

Class IB. Liquids having a flash point below 73^oF (23^oC) and having a boiling point above 100^oF (38^oC).

Class IC. Liquids having a flash point at or above 73^oF (23^oC) and below 100^oF (38^oC).

Highly Toxic: 1. A chemical that has a lethal dose (LD₅₀) 50 mg/kg or less orally in rats.

2. A chemical that has a lethal dose (LD₅₀) 200 mg/kg or less by contact in rabbits.

3. A chemical that has a lethal concentration (LC₅₀) in air of 200 ppm (gas or vapor) or 2 mg/l (mist, fume, or dust) or less by inhalation in rats.

Organic Peroxides: UD. Unclassified detonable. Organic peroxides that are capable of detonation. Extremely high explosion hazard through rapid explosive decomposition.

I. Formulations capable of deflagration but not detonation.

II. Formulations that burn very rapidly and pose a moderate reactivity hazard.

III. Formulations that burn rapidly and pose a moderate reactivity hazard.

iV. Formulations that burn in the same manner as ordinary combustibles and pose minimal reactivity hazards.

V. Formulations that burn with less intensity than ordinary combustibles or do not sustain combustion and pose no reactivity hazard.

Oxidizers: Class 1. An oxidizer whose primary hazard is that it slightly increases the burning rate but does not cause spontaneous ignition when it comes in contact with combustible materials.

Class 2. An oxidizer that will cause a moderate increase in the burning rate or that causes spontaneous ignition when it comes in contact with combustible materials.

Class 3. An oxidizer that will cause a severe increase in the burning rate of combustibles with which it comes into contact or that will undergo vigorous self-sustained decomposition due to contamination or exposure to heat.

Class 4. An oxidizer that will undergo an explosive reaction due to contamination or exposure to thermal or physical shock and will enhance the burning rate and cause spontaneous ignition of combustibles.

Toxic: 1. A chemical that has a lethal dose (LD₅₀) 50 mg/kg but not more than 500 mg/kg orally in rats.

2. A chemical that has a lethal dose (LD₅₀) 200 mg/kg but not more than 1000 mg/kg by contact in rabbits.

3. A chemical that has a lethal concentration (LC₅₀) in air of more than 200 ppm (gas or vapor) or 2 mg/l (mist, fume, or dust) but not more than 2000 ppm (or 20 mg/l) by inhalation in rats.

Unstable (reactive): Class 1. Materials that are normally stable but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures.

Class 2. Materials that are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change but do not detonate and includes materials that can undergo chemical change with the rapid release of energy at normal temperatures and pressures and that undergo violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures.

Class 3. Materials capable of detonation or explosive decomposition or explosive reaction but require a strong initiating source or must be heated under confinement before initiation and includes materials sensitive to mechanical or localized thermal shock at elevated temperatures and pressures.

Class 4. Materials readily capable of detonation or explosive decomposition or explosive reaction at normal temperatures and pressures and includes materials that are sensitive to mechanical or localized thermal shock at normal temperatures and pressures.

Water reactive: Class 1. Materials that react with water with some release of energy but not violently.

Class 2. Materials that may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Class 3. Materials that react explosively with water without requiring heat or confinement.

Chemicals Requiring Skin Protection

The following chemicals have been identified by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)¹ and/or the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)² as chemicals that require skin protection or the use of other methods to prevent or reduce skin exposure. Many chemicals not listed here also require the use of gloves because of other hazardous characteristics but these chemicals present a significant degree of toxicity by skin contact.

Always refer to the glove manufacturers glove selection guides when choosing gloves for use with any chemical. Chemicals that are not listed may not have been tested. Some chemicals may not have an acceptable glove material based on the permeation and degradation tests. In this case, engineering controls, work practice controls or other methods must be used to prevent or reduce skin exposure to these chemicals.

Manufacturer’s glove selection guides are available in the Chemistry and Biology Stockrooms and also on the internet directly from the manufacturer’s websites or through the EH&S website (www.ehs.indiana.edu). Additional references³ are also available that provide guidance for selecting glove materials or contact EH&S at 855-6311 for more information.

Chemical	CAS Number	Reference
Chemical	CAS Number	OSHA⁴	ACGIH⁵
Acetone cyanohydrin	75-86-5		x
Acetonitrile	75-05-8		x
Acrolein	107-02-8		x
Acrylamide	79-06-1	x	x
Acrylic acid	79-10-7		x
Acrylonitrile	107-13-1		x
Adiponitrile	111-69-3		x
Aldrin	309-00-2	x	x
Allyl alcohol	107-18-6	x	x
4-Aminodiphenyl	92-67-1		x
Ammonium perfluorooctanoate	3825-26-1		x
Aniline	62-53-3	x	x
(o- & p-) Anisidine	90-04-0/104-94-9	x	x
Azinphos-methyl	86-50-0	x	x
Benzene	71-43-2		x
Benzidine	92-87-5		x
Benzotrichloride	98-07-7		x
Bromoform	75-25-2	x	x
2-Butoxyethanol (EGBE)	111-76-2	x
n- Butylamine	109-73-9	x	x
tert-Butyl chromate (as CrO₃)	1189-85-1	x	x
o-sec-Butylphenol	89-72-5		x
Captafol	2425-06-1		x
Carbon disulfide	75-15-0		x
Carbon tetrachloride	56-23-5		x
Catechol	120-80-9		x
Chlordane	57-74-9	x	x
Chlorinated camphene	8001-35-2	x	x
Chloroacetone	78-95-5		x
Chloroacetyl chloride	79-04-9		x
ο-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile	2698-41-1		x
Chlorodiphenyl	53469-21-9/11097-69-1		x
β-Chloroprene	126-99-8	x
1-Chloro-2-propanol	127-00-4		x
2-Chloro-1-propanol	78-89-7		x
2-Chloropropionic acid	598-78-7		x
Chloropyrifos	2921-88-2		x
o, m, & p Cresol	1319-77-3; 95-48-7;108-39-4; 106-44-5	x	x
Crotonaldehyde	4170-30-3		x
Cumene	98-82-8	x
Cyanide salts	592-01-8; 151-50-8; 143-33-9		x
Cyclohexanol	108-93-0		x

Chemicals Requiring Skin Protection

(continued)

Chemical	CAS Number	Reference
Chemical	CAS Number	OSHA⁴	ACGIH⁵
Cyclohexanone	108-94-1		x
Cyclonite	121-82-4		x
Decaborane	11702-41-9	x	x
Demeton	8065-48-3		x
Demeton-S-methyl (Systox)	919-86-8	x	x
Diazinon	333-41-5		x
2-N-Dibutylaminoethanol	102-81-8		x
Dibutyl phenyl phosphate	2528-36-1		x
3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine	91-94-1		x
1,4-Dichloro-2-butene	764-41-0		x
Dichlorodiphenyltri-chloroethane (DDT)	50-29-3	x
Dichloroethyl ether	111-44-4	x	x
1,3-Dichloropropene	542-75-6		x
Dichlorvos (DDVP)	62-73-7	x	x
Dicrotophos	141-66-2		x
Dieldrin	60-57-1	x	x
Diesel fuel	68334-30-5; 68476-30-2; 68476-31-3; 68476-34-6; 77650-28-3		x
Diethanolamine	111-42-2		x
Diethylamine	109-89-7		x
2-Diethylaminoethanol	100-37-8	x	x
Diethylene triamine	111-40-0		x
Diisopropylamine	108-18-9	x	x
Dimethyl acetamide	127-19-5	x	x
bis (2-Dimethylaminoethyl) ether	3033-62-3		x
Dimethylaniline	121-69-7	x	x
Dimethylformamide	68-12-2	x	x
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine	57-14-7	x	x
Dimethyl sulfate	77-78-1	x	x
(ο-,m-, & p-) Dinitrobenzene	528-29-0; 99-65-0; 100-25-4	x	x
Dinitro-o-cresol	534-52-1	x	x
Dinitrotoluene	25321-14-6	x	x
1,4-Dioxane	123-91-1	x	x
Dioxathion	78-34-2		x
Dipropylene glycol methyl ether	34590-94-8	x
Diquat	2764-72-9		x
Disulfoton	298-04-4		x
Endosulfan	115-29-7	x	x
Endrin	72-20-8	x	x
Epichlorohydrin	106-89-8	x	x
EPN	2104-64-5	x	x
Ethion	563-12-2		x
2-Ethoxyethanol (Cellosolve)	110-80-5	x	x
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate (Cellosolve acetate)	111-15-9	x	x
Ethyl acrylate	140-88-5	x
Ethylamine	75-04-7		x
Ethyl bromide	74-96-4		x
Ethyl chloride	75-00-3		x
Ethylene chlorohydrin	107-07-3	x	x
Ethylenediamine	107-15-3		x
Ethylene dibromide	106-93-4		x
Ethylene glycol dinitrate	628-96-6	x	x
Ethylenimine	151-56-4		x
N-Ethylmorpholine	100-74-3	x	x
Fenamiphos	22224-92-6		x
Fenthion	55-38-9		x
Fonofos	944-22-9		x
Formaldehyde	50-00-0	x
Formamide	75-12-7		x
Furfural	98-01-1	x	x
Furfuryl alcohol	98-00-0		x
Heptachlor & heptachlor epoxide	76-44-8; 1024-57-3	x	x
Hexachlorobenzene	118-74-1		x
Hexachlorobutadiene	87-68-3		x

Chemicals Requiring Skin Protection

(continued)

Chemical	CAS Number	Reference
Chemical	CAS Number	OSHA⁴	ACGIH⁵
Hexachloroethane	67-72-1	x	x
Hexachloronaphthalene	1335-87-1	x	x
Hexafluoroacetone	684-16-2		x
Hexamethylphosphoramide	680-31-9		x
n-Hexane	110-54-3		x
Hydrazine	302-01-2		x
Hydrogen cyanide	74-90-8	x	x
2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate	999-61-1		x
Isooctyl alcohol	26952-21-6		x
2-Isopropoxyethanol	109-59-1		x
N-Isopropylaniline	768-52-5		x
Latex, natural rubber latex as total proteins	9006-04-6		x
Lindane	58-89-9	x	x
Malathion	121-75-5	x	x
Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl	12079-65-1		x
Mercury (Inorganic)	7439-97-6		x
Mercury (Organic):	7439-97-6		x
Methanol	67-56-1		x
2-Methoxyethanol; (Methyl cellosolve)	109-86-4	x	x
2-Methoxyethyl acetate (Methyl cellosolve acetate)	110-49-6	x	x
bis-(2-Methoxypropyl) ether (DPGME)	34590-94-8		x
Methyl acrylate	96-33-3	x	x
Methylacrylonitrile	126-98-7		x
N-Methyl aniline	100-61-8		x
Methyl bromide	74-83-9	x	x
Methyl n-butyl ketone	591-78-6		x
Methyl chloride	74-87-3		x
o-Methylcyclohexanone	583-60-8	x	x
2-Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl	12108-13-3		x
Methyl demeton	8022-00-2		x
4,4’-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)	101-14-4		x
4-4’-Methylene dianiline	1071-77-9		x
Methyl hydrazine	60-34-4	x	x
Methyl iodide	74-88-4	x	x
Methyl isobutyl carbinol	108-11-2	x	x
Methyl isocyanate	624-83-9	x	x
Methyl parathion	298-00-0		x
Methyl vinyl ketone	78-94-4		x
Mevinphos (Phosdrin)	7786-34-7		x
Monocrotophos	6923-22-4		x
Monomethyl aniline	100-61-8	x
Morpholine	110-91-8	x	x
Naled	300-76-5		x
Naphthalene	91-20-3		x
Nicotine	54-11-5	x	x
p-Nitroaniline	100-01-6	x	x
Nitrobenzene	98-95-3	x	x
p-Nitrochlorobenzene	100-00-5	x	x
4-Nitrodiphenyl	92-93-3		x
Nitroglycerin	55-63-0	x	x
N-Nitrosodimethylamine	62-75-9		x
(ο-,m-, & p-) Nitrotoluene	88-72-2; 99-08-1; 99-99-0	x	x
Octachloronaphthalene	2234-13-1	x	x
Paraquat	4685-14-7	x
Parathion	56-38-2	x	x
Pentachloronaphthalene	1321-64-8	x	x
Pentachlorophenol	87-86-5	x	x
Phenol	108-95-2	x	x
Phenothiazine	92-84-2		x
Phenyl glycidyl ether	122-60-1		x
p-Phenylene diamine	106-50-3	x
Phenylhydrazine	100-63-0	x	x
Phenyl mercaptan	108-98-5		x
Phorate	298-02-2		x

Chemicals Requiring Skin Protection

(continued)

Chemical	CAS Number	Reference
Chemical	CAS Number	OSHA⁴	ACGIH⁵
Phosdrin (Mevinphos)	7786-34-7	x
Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol)	88-89-1	x
n-Propanol (n- propyl alcohol)	71-23-8		x
Propargyl alcohol	107-19-7		x
Propylene glycol dinitrate	6423-43-4		x
Propylenimine	75-55-8	x	x
Sodium azide	26628-22-8
Sodium fluoroacetate	62-74-8	x	x
Sulfotep (TEDP)	3689-24-5	x	x
Terbufos	13071-79-9		x
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane	79-34-5	x	x
Tetrachloronaphthalene	1335-88-2	x
Tetraethyl lead	78-00-2	x	x
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)	107-49-3	x	x
Tetramethyl lead	75-74-1	x	x
Tetramethyl succinonitrile	3333-52-6	x	x
Tetryl (2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine)	479-45-8	x
Thallium	7440-28-0	x	x
Thioglycolic acid	68-11-1		x
Tin (organic compounds)	7440-31-5		x
o-Tolidine	119-93-7	x	x
Toluene	108-88-3		x
(ο-,m-, & p-) Toluidine	95-53-4; 108-44-1; 106-49-0		x
1,1,2-Trichloroethane	79-00-5	x	x
Trichloronaphthalene	1321-65-9	x	x
1,2,3 Trichloropropane	96-18-4		x
Triethylamine	121-44-8		x
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)	118-96-7	x	x
Triorthocresyl phosphate	78-30-8		x
Vinyl cyclohexene dioxide	106-87-6		x
m-Xylene α,α’-diamine	1477-55-0		x
Xylidine	1300-73-8	x

Notes: 1. Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.1000 (29 CFR Part 1910.1000), Air Contaminants, Table Z-1, Limits for Air Contaminants.

2. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices, 2004.

3. Refer to manufacturer’s permeation and degradation charts for glove selection. Glove thicknesses vary and will provide different levels of protection. Not all chemicals have been tested for glove type. Contact EH&S if glove type is not listed for a particular chemical. The following references provide additional information regarding glove materials and chemical resistance.

a. McConville, Francis X., The Pilot Plant Real Book, 2002, pg. 9-13, Glove Selection Guide.

b. Furr, A. Kieth, CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety, 5^th Ed., 2000, Table 6.2, Resistant Properties of Selected Materials by Class, pg 742-743.

4. Skin Designation (OSHA): Skin exposure to substances listed by OSHA with “Skin Designation” must be reduced or prevented by the use of gloves, coveralls, goggles, or other appropriate personal protective equipment, engineering controls, or work practices.

5. Skin Notation (ACGIH): The ACGIH “Skin Notation” refers to the potential for significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of probable greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. Vehicles present in mixtures can also significantly enhance potential skin absorption. It should be noted that while some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning the ACGIH skin notation. The development of a dermatological condition, however, can significantly affect the potential for dermal absorption. Use of the skin designation is intended to alert the reader that air sampling alone is insufficient to accurately quantify exposure and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be required.

^{^[1]} References: Shepard, T.H. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents, 8th eds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.

Jankovic, J. and Drake, F. A screening method for occupational reproductive health risk. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 57:641-649, 1996.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LABORATORY SAFETY

GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY PROCEDURES

DO

CORROSIVE CHEMICALS

PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE

FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS

EXAMPLES OF OXIDIZING AGENTS

HANDLING

REACTIVE CHEMICALS

PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE

CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS

PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE

GLASSWARE AND SHARPS

PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING AND DISPOSAL

CHEMICAL SPILL RESPONSE PROCEDURES

PREPARATION OF GLASS TUBING AND STOPPERS

INSERTION OF GLASS TUBES OR RODS INTO STOPPERS OR FLEXIBLE TUBING

APPARATUS ASSEMBLY

OPERATIONAL PRECAUTIONS

PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE

PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE

PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE

PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE

PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION AND USE

FOOTWEAR

HEAD PROTECTION

General Laboratory Safety

EXAMPLES

ACUTELY TOXIC CHEMICALS

PARTIAL LIST

PARTIAL LIST

Bacteria

Fungi

Toxins

Exclusions

Biological Agents and Toxins

Exclusions

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference